Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P01178 (oxytocin)
 15,767 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In rat L5 dorsal root ganglia 50% of neurons contained arginine vasopressin-like immunoreactivity and 38% oxytocin-like immunoreactivity, the oxytocin entirely coexisting with the arginine vasopressin. Staining of alternate mirror-image sections with RT97 (an antibody to neurofilament protein, and a marker for large light neurons) and with arginine vasopressin antiserum showed that the two were entirely complementary, thus establishing arginine vasopressin as a marker for all small dark neurons. Mirror-image staining also showed that neurons containing substance P-like immunoreactivity and those containing fluoride-resistant acid phosphatase activity were each contained within the arginine vasopressin-positive population. Arginine vasopressin-like immunoreactivity was axonally transported in the dorsal root and (in greater quantity) in sciatic nerve. Arginine vasopressin-like immunoreactivity was present also in laminae I and II of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord and this reactivity was absent in animals which had been treated neonatally with capsaicin, suggesting that it was contained in primary afferent terminals. These results are discussed in terms of their implications for the classification of primary afferent neurons and of a possible physiological role for arginine vasopressin in these neurons.
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PMID:A quantitative analysis of the interrelationships between subpopulations of rat sensory neurons containing arginine vasopressin or oxytocin and those containing substance P, fluoride-resistant acid phosphatase or neurofilament protein. 242 33

Two cases of hypothalamic hamartoma are presented. The first patient was a 4-year-old boy with precocious puberty, and the second was a 6-year-old boy with epileptic seizures. In both patients, clinical symptoms and signs appeared at the age of 2 years and progressed thereafter. Computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in both cases disclosed a suprasellar mass lesion in continuity with the hypothalamus. Removal of the lesions affected the endocrinological status and/or seizure control. Pathological examination revealed the lesions to be composed of well-differentiated neuronal and glial cells. Immunohistochemical study demonstrated the presence of beta-endorphin, corticotropin-releasing factor, oxytocin, and neurofilament protein (210 kD) in the neuronal cells of the first patient, but no neuropeptides were detected in the second. Electron microscopic examination on the second patient disclosed the presence of many nonmyelinated and some myelinated neuronal processes containing dense-core and clear vesicles. The morphological characteristics and the role of surgery for this lesion are discussed.
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PMID:Hypothalamic hamartoma. Report of two cases. 292 5

A 75-year-old female presented with a suprasellar granular cell tumor. Computed tomography (CT) revealed a high dense suprasellar mass with strong postcontrast enhancement. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a round suprasellar mass, which was hyperintense on the T1-weighted images with nonhomogeneous enhancement after the administration of gadolinium-diethylenetriaminepenta- acetic acid, and hypointense on the T2-weighted images. Cerebral angiography demonstrated no abnormal findings. The tumor was partially removed via a right frontotemporal craniotomy. The histological diagnosis was suprasellar granular cell tumor. Her postoperative course was uneventful other than mild and transient diabetes insipidus. She has remained asymptomatic without CT evidence of tumor regrowth for 20 months after the surgery. Immunohistochemical studies showed positive reaction for S-100 protein in the tumor cell nuclei, but no reaction for glial fibrillary acidic protein, neurofilament protein, Leu-7, oxytocin, beta-endorphin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, and vimentin. This case provides additional evidence for the astrocytic origin of suprasellar granular cell tumor.
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PMID:Suprasellar granular cell tumor. 874 Dec 54

The cyto- and chemoarchitecture of the human paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (Pa) was studied with the aid of three-dimensional computer reconstruction. The adult human Pa is a vertically elongated structure that abuts the wall of the third ventricle (3V) medially and is indented dorsolaterally by the descending fornix. Chemoarchitecture revealed the following five subnuclei in the human Pa. The most prominent of these is the magnocellular subnucleus (PaM) occupying the ventrolateral quadrant of the Pa and comprised of a concentration of large arginin-vasopressin (AVP)- and acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-positive cells, and small calbindin (Cb)-positive neurons. Rostrally, the PaM is succeeded by the small anterior parvicellular subnucleus (PaAP), which contains small AChE-, AVP- and tyrosin hydroxylase (TH)-positive cells. Dorsal to the PaM is found the dorsal subnucleus (PaD), containing large spindle-shaped TH-, oxytocin (OXY)-, and AChE-positive cells, as well as a population of small Cb-positive neurons. Abutting the wall of the 3V and medial to PaM and PaD is the parvicellular subnucleus (PaP). The PaP contains small cells immunoreactive for corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), neuromedin K receptor (NK3), and nonphosphorylated neurofilament protein (SMI32). The posterior subnucleus (PaPo) is situated posterior to the descending column of the fornix; it replaces all above-mentioned subdivisions caudally, and is a chemoarchitectonic amalgam that includes dispersed large AChE-, OXY-, AVP- and TH-positive cells, as well as small NK3-, CRF-, SMI32- and Cb-immunoreactive neurons. The present findings suggest that the human PaM and PaD are homologues to the magnocellular subnuclei of the rat Pa, whereas the human PaP and PaPo correspond to the rat medial parvicellular and posterior subnuclei, respectively.
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PMID:Organization of the human paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus. 1086 60

Vasopressin and oxytocin mRNAs, which are normally translated in the perikarya of magnocellular neurons, have recently been demonstrated to be also present in axons and nerve terminals which are located in the posterior pituitary. The physiological significance of this observation has not yet been resolved. In order to gain further insight into the function and plasticity of the peptidergic neuron the question was addressed whether axonal localization is a unique feature of the above-mentioned transcripts. Biochemical evidence is presented that magnocellular axons and nerve terminals also contain mRNA species encoding a member of the neurofilament protein family and the prodynorphin precursor. These data imply that axons may harbour a variety of additional protein-encoding transcripts. Furthermore, it is shown that in the mutant (Brattleboro) rat, which lacks detectable levels of vasopressin but which still transcribes the corresponding gene, axonal vasopressin but not oxytocin mRNA contents are dramatically reduced. Most likely, vasopressin transcripts are absent from the nerve terminals as a consequence of the impaired precursor biosynthesis in the cytoplasm of the mutant rat.
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PMID:Diversity of mRNAs in the Axonal Compartment of Peptidergic Neurons in the Rat. 1210 10

We have studied the organization of the hypothalamus in an Australian diprotodontid metatherian mammal, the wallaby ( Macropus eugenii), using cytoarchitectural, histochemical and immunohistochemical techniques. Coronal sections of adult brains were processed for Nissl staining, histochemical reactivity (cytochrome oxidase, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase and acetylcholinesterase) and immunohistochemistry (antibodies to tyrosine hydroxylase, calbindin, calretinin, non-phosphorylated neurofilament protein, oxytocin and vasopressin). The distribution of immunoreactive neurons for these substances was mapped with the aid of a computer-linked microscope. In general, the wallaby hypothalamus showed a similar nuclear organization to that seen in rodents. The paraventricular nucleus could be divided into several subdivisions based on the different cellular parcellation, similar to that described in rodents. The ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus had cell-sparse dorsomedial and cell-dense ventrolateral subdivisions as seen in eutheria, suggesting a similar functional compartmentalization in all theria. The positions of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons in the wallaby hypothalamus were also similar to those in eutheria. Oxytocin and vasopressinergic neurons were found in all the same major nuclear groups as seen in eutheria, although a nucleus circularis could not be identified. The general similarities between wallaby and eutherian hypothalamus indicate that the basic chemo- and cytoarchitectural features of the hypothalamus are common to eutheria and metatheria and validate the use of the wallaby as a mammalian model of wide applicability in investigations of hypothalamic functional development.
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PMID:Cyto- and chemoarchitecture of the hypothalamus of a wallaby ( Macropus eugenii) with special emphasis on oxytocin and vasopressinergic neurons. 1451 76

The monotremes are an intriguing group of mammals that have major differences in their reproductive physiology and lactation from therian mammals. Monotreme young hatch from leathery skinned eggs and are nourished by milk secreted onto areolae rather than through nipples. Parturition and lactation are in part controlled through the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus. We have used Nissl staining, enzyme histochemistry, immunohistochemistry for tyrosine hydroxylase, calbindin, oxytocin, neurophysin and non-phosphorylated neurofilament protein, and carbocyanine dye tracing techniques to examine the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei and the course of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial tract in two monotremes: the short-beaked echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus) and the platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus). In both monotremes, the supraoptic nucleus consisted of loosely packed neurons, mainly in the retrochiasmatic position. In the echidna, the paraventricular nucleus was quite small, but had similar chemoarchitectural features to therians. In the platypus, the paraventricular nucleus was larger and appeared to be part of a stream of magnocellular neurons extending from the paraventricular nucleus to the retrochiasmatic supraoptic nucleus. Immunohistochemistry for non-phosphorylated neurofilament protein and carbocyanine dye tracing suggested that hypothalamo-neurohypophysial tract neurons in the echidna lie mainly in the retrochiasmatic supraoptic and lateral hypothalamic regions, but most neurophysin and oxytocin immunoreactive neurons in the echidna were found in the paraventricular, lateral hypothalamus and supraoptic nuclei and most oxytocinergic neurons in the platypus were distributed in a band from the paraventricular nucleus to the retrochiasmatic supraoptic nucleus. The small size of the supraoptic nucleus in the two monotremes might reflect functional aspects of monotreme lactation.
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PMID:The hypothalamic supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the echidna and platypus. 1680 8