Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P01178 (oxytocin)
 15,767 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Fructose-1,6-diphosphate (FDP) is able to abolish oxytocin induced spastic inertia in rat uterus. The clinical use of FDP is suggested by observation carried out on 30 deliveries with oxytocin induction. The FDP-treated patients (5 g of FDP in 50 ml of water by intravenous infusion) showed a statistically significant decrease of time elapsed between the beginning of uterine inertia and the recovery of uterine contractions (176 +/- 25.4 min) compared to controls (562 +/- 32.5 min).
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PMID:Disappearance of oxytocin-induced uterine tiredness by treatment with fructose-1,6-diphosphate. Experimental evidence. 36 80

Arginine vasotocin, arginine vasopressin, and oxytocin play a critical role in the stimulation of labor and delivery and in salt and water homeostasis in the newborn infant. The authors present information on their chemistry, secretion, and metabolism, and discuss the clinical effects upon target organs of their presence or absence.
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PMID:Development pharmacokinetics of the posterior pituitary hormones. 38 65

Water balance is tightly regulated within a tolerance of less than 1 percent by a physiologic control system located in the hypothalamus. Body water homeostasis is achieved by balancing renal and nonrenal water losses with appropriate water intake. The major stimulus to thirst is increased osmolality of body fluids as perceived by osmoreceptors in the anteroventral hypothalamus. Hypovolemia also has an important effect on thirst which is mediated by arterial baroreceptors and by the renin-angiotensin system. Renal water loss is determined by the circulating level of the antidiuretic hormone, arginine vasopressin (AVP). AVP is synthesized in specialized neurosecretory cells located in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei in the hypothalamus and is transported in neurosecretory granules down elongated axons to the posterior pituitary. Depolarization of the neurosecretory neurons results in the exocytosis of the granules and the release of AVP and its carrier protein (neurophysin) into the circulation. AVP is secreted in response to a wide variety of stimuli. Change in body fluid osmolality is the most potent factor affecting AVP secretion, but hypovolemia, the renin-angiotensin system, hypoxia, hypercapnia, hyperthermia and pain also have important effects. Many drugs have been shown to stimulate the release of AVP as well. Small changes in plasma AVP concentration of from 0.5 to 4 muU per ml have major effects on urine osmolality and renal water handling.
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PMID:The clinical physiology of water metabolism. Part I: The physiologic regulation of arginine vasopressin secretion and thirst. 39 80

The rate of cutaneous water uptake after dehydration was significantly depressed in functionally neurohypophysectomized toads (Bufo marinus), which consequently regained weight much more slowly than intact toads when returned to water. Toads bearing hypothalamic lesions were able to develop an antidiuresis when removed from water to a saturated atmosphere, but the antidiuresis was solely glmerular in origin and was established more slowly than in intact animals. The fractional reabsorption of filtrate increased significantly and the relative free water clearance decreased significantly in intact toads after removal from water. These changes in tubular function, which were not seen in lesioned toads, were responsible for the development of a more rapid and effective antidiuresis in intact animals. Injections of iso-osmotic saline, oxytocin (250 mu./100 g) and vasopressin (50 mu./100 g) had no significant effect on rates of cutaneous water uptake in both intact and lesioned toads. Injections of hyperosmotic saline, however, significantly increased rates of water uptake in both groups of toads, but to a much greater extent in the intact animals. Fluid retention arising from a marked antidiuresis occurred after the injection of vasopressin and hyperosmotic saline, and there was some evidence of an antidiuretic effect of oxytocin with the doses used here. These results and their bearing on the question of the functional significance of the neurohypophysis in anuran amphibians are discussed.
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PMID:Effect of hypothalamic lesions on water metabolism of the toad Bufo marinus. 41 67

To determine if harmala alkaloids affect transport systems other than (Na +K)-ATPase, effects of harmaline on Na and water fluxes were studied in amphibian skins. Net Na flux was evaluated from short-circuit current, and water flux monitored with automatic, volumetric methods. At 2 to 5 mM, harmaline consistently inhibited SCC and prevented the natriferic effects of oxytocin and norepinephrine. However, at 0.1 to 0.5 mM, harmaline produced an increase in SCC inhibitable with amiloride. The stimulatory effects of harmaline and oxytocin were either nonadditive or additive depending on whether the hallucinogen was present in the inner solution or in the outer solution bathing the skin, respectively. Water flow was not modified by harmaline on the outer medium. In contrast, addition of the drug to the inner medium elicited a conspicuous, sustained, vasopressin-like, hydrosmotic effect, comparable to and competive with those of vasopressin and norepinephrine. The ensemble of these results suggests that harmaline may affect three distinct transport systems: (i) the Na pump; (ii) the cyclic nucleotide system; (iii) the Na entry pathway at the outer membrane of the skin that is also activated by agents such as diphenylhydantoin, lanthanides and propranolol.
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PMID:Vasopressin-like effects of a hallucinogenic drug--harmaline--on sodium and water transport. 41 80

Prolactin, as a "broad spectrum hormone", has been described to exert also vascular and renal actions in laboratory animals and in humans. However, prolactin preparations of various species are contaminated with neurohypophysial hormones (ADH, oxytocin) which possess vascular and renal activities. Antisera against ADH, oxytocin and prolactin are rather specific inactivators of the biologic activity of the respective hormone; the oxytocinasevasopressinase system of pregnancy plasma destroys ADH and oxytocin. Incubation-identification procedures with antisera against ADH, oxytocin and prolactin and with pregnancy plasma revealed that changes in blood pressure, urine flow and urinary osmolarity cannot be ascribed to prolactin per se but to the ADH impurity of prolactin preparations. Furthermore, recent metabolic studies in normally hydrated, overhydrate and dehydrated animals and humans have shown that prolactin does not affect renal water and electrolyte excretion. Thus, earlier reports on vascular and renal activity of prolactin in laboratory animals and humans should be viewed with great caution. Elimination of neurohypophysial hormone impurities of prolactin preparations by incubation with either ADH and oxytocin antisera or with pregnancy plasma provides techniques for better assessment of the real biologic effects of the prolactin molecule.
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PMID:Renal and vascular activity of prolactin preparations. Contamination of prolactin preparations with ADH and implications on renal and vascular prolactin research. 43 76

Using sensitive specific RIAs for vasopressin (AVP) and the two major human neurophysins, the relationship between AVP and the individual human neurophysins was investigated in man by measuring changes in plasma concentrations in physiological and pathological states known to be associated with changes in AVP secretion. Dehydration, water loading, and hemorrhage produced small but significant changes in plasma AVP concentrations without changes in the individual human neurophysins. In response to the stimulus of cigarette smoke inhalation, large parallel changes in plasma AVP and human neurophysin I (HNPI) levels were seen without change in plasma human neurophysin II (HNPII) levels. In the pathological states of diabetes insipidus and the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion,the observations more strongly supported a specific association between AVP and NHPI. In eight patients with central diabetes insipidus, plasma AVP and HNPI levels were low or undetectable, while plasma HNPII levels were normal. There was a clear distinction of both plasma AVP and HNPI levels in patients with central diabetes insipidus and those in patients whti nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. In 14 patients with the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion due to causes other than ectopic AVP production from tumors, plasma AVP and HNPI levels were elevated or normal, while plasma HNPII levels were normal. There was a highly significant positive correlation (r = 0.99) between plasma AVP and HNPI levels in these patients, with a 1:1 molar ratio. These data suggest that the secretion of AVP and HNPI in man are functionally related, while the secretion of HNPII is independent of AVP secretion.
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PMID:Plasma vasopressin and human neurophysins in physiological and pathological states associated with changes in vasopressin secretion. 47 48

The action of synthetic oxytocin and Glanduphen, a neurohypophyseal extract preparation, on the diuresis of six heads of cattle in lactation was studied, following intraruminal application of water. Intravenous injection of something between 10 and 30 I.U. of oxytocin reduced diuresis by 54 per cent on average, within 30 minutes from treatment. Urine-borne Cl- -concentrations went up by 315 per cent on average and quantitative Cl- -secretion by 87 per cent. The values recorded in response to the administration of doses between 10 and 40 I.U. of Glanduphen were 44, 785, and 344 per cent. Additional application of Glanduphen within 30 minutes from oxytocin injection caused less pronounced inhibition of diuresis or even some activation of diuresis. Literature on renal effects of vasopressin and of oxytocin was analysed, in that context, and the conclusion was drawn that antidiuretic effects were recordable neither from man nor from animals unless they were exposed to excessive application of water. The same hormone preparations, however, caused increase of diuresis in thirty animals with low rates of diuresis and higher osmotic urine pressure. Rise in saluresis was a most common result of vasopressin or oxytocin administration and did in no way depend on the diuresis level.
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PMID:[Studies of the effect of synthetic oxytocin and neurohypophyseal extract on diuresis of water-laden cattle]. 54 12

Intravenous injection of 20 International Units (IU) of oxytocin in the form of synthetic oxytocin or neurohypophyseal extract preparations to dehydrated cows that had already undergone twelve hours of water withdrawal did not produce antidiuresis but rather rise of diuresis accompanied by saluretic effects. Increase in diuresis occurred also in hyperhydrated cows, following water application, provided that oxytocin or vasopressin preparations had caused antidiuresis and saluresis and, consequently, changed urine composition to osmotic pressures beyond the limit values between 650 and 750 mosmol/kg. Rehydration of cow may be associated with retardation of diuresis by four hours or more. If oxytocin or vasopressin are given in the phase of such rehydration, the period between water application and the onset of water diuresis may be defined as "blocked water diuresis". Continuous infusion of 0.34 or 0.8 IU of oxytocin per minute up to 3.5 hours did not cause water intoxication in hyperhydrated cows, though blood plasma values for osmotic pressure had dropped to 244 mosmol/kg, while Na+ concentration had gone down to 116 mmol/l.
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PMID:[Studies of the induction of diuresis increase and water intoxication induced diuresis inhibition by oxytocin and vasopressin in lactating cattle]. 54 13

Two human neurophysins, nicotine stimulated neurophysin (NSN), and estrogen stimulated neurophysin (ESN) were assayed during physiologic maneuvers and pathologic states in man. NSN is thought to be associated with vasopressin and was elevated in some subjects by volume depletion, surgical stress, hypotension and hypertonic saline infusion. Overnight dehydration did not elevate NSN in spite of urinary concentration. NSN was elevated in some subjects with the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone and when tested was unresponsive to administered water, alcohol or nicotine. ESN was elevated during estrogen administration, in pregnancy, in newborns and in patients with cirrhosis. NSN was also acutely increased at parturition. These data support the association of NSN with vasopressin although changes in NSN were found only with potent stimuli for vasopressin release. ESN may be associated with oxytocin but demonstration of this awaits knowledge of oxytocin physiology in humans.
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PMID:Physiologic control of two neurophysins in humans. 55 58


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