Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P01178 (oxytocin)
 15,767 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In established intrauterine fetal death, 20 patients were treated with prostaglandin E2 gel administered extraamniotically. The results were compared with those of another group of 20 patients who had received combined treatment. In this group, one or more of the following agents had been administered :- i.v. oxytocin, 20% NaCl solution or Premarin instilled intraamniotically, introduction of a balloon catheter or Rivanol administered extraamniotically. Average induction-abortion interval for the PG group was about 12 hours while for the second group it was about 30 hours. The side effects observed were slight in both groups. The results show that administration of PG-gel can be used with advantage in fetal demise because of the relatively short induction-abortion intervals obtained, the insignificant side effects and the low dose of PG required.
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PMID:Induction of labour with prostaglandin E2 gel in cases of intrauterine fetal death. 35 16

Medicaments are used to prepare for instrument abortions in the 1st trimester and as inducers of abortion in the 2nd trimester. The effects, side effects, and dangers depend on the substances used and the route of application, which can be vaginal, cervical, injection, instillation, extraamniotic, intraamniotic, intravenous, or intramuscular. In the past, intraamniotic instillation of a 20% salt solution was the most common 2nd trimester method in Japan, the US, and Eastern Europe, giving a success rate of 90%. Serious side effects prompted substitution of extraamniotic instillation, which rarely produces serious side effects. Instillation of a 60% urea solution into the amniotic fluid in combination with oxytocin or prostaglandin produces an abortion in 13-21 hours, with a failure rate of 3% and a frequency of cervical laceration of under 1%. Extraamniotic use of a .1% solution of rivanol yields a success rate of about 85%, with a relatively long average time to explusion of 24-41 hours. In case of failure the procedure can be repeated. The advantage of the Rivanol method is the rarity of infectious complications. Alcohol is not used as a human abortifacient because it produces necrosis in the decidua and placenta. Prostaglandins are used in most 2nd trimester abortions. Research is underway to identify derivatives that will have an extended uterine impact without serious side effects. Different routes of administration have different effectiveness rates and dangers. All prostaglandins cause side effects including pain during uterine contractions, gastro-intestinal reactions, nausea, vomiting, fever, and headaches. Specific preparations are associated with other effects, some of them life-threatening. Emergency treatment should be available when these substances are used. Adjuvant measures may be employed before adminstration of an abortifacient agent to soften the cervix, or after administration to hasten the procedure. The choice of procedure depends upon the personality, health, and other characteristics of the woman and the experience of the doctor and the clinic.
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PMID:[Chemical methods of abortion]. 48 68

In 1989-90 in India, physicians used 4 different methods to induce second trimester abortion (14-20 weeks gestation) in 200 women at the Lokmanya Tilak Municipal General Hospital in Sion in Bombay. In 50 women each, they introduced 200 ml of 20% hypertonic saline into the amniotic sac, after removing 35-200 ml of amniotic fluid; 150 ml of ethacridine lactate extraovularly; prostaglandin F2 intramuscularly at regular intervals; and a cupful of 5% povidone-iodine topical solution in 150 ml of sterile normal saline extraamniotically. Intravenous oxytocin drip was started the morning after induction in all but those women receiving prostaglandin F2 to reduce the induction-abortion interval. 5% povidone-iodine solution successfully induced abortion in 100% of cases. The success rates for ethacridine lactate, hypertonic solution, and prostaglandin F2 were 98, 96 and 90%, respectively. Ethacridine lactate had the highest complete abortion rate (42%) followed closely by 5% povidone-iodine (39%). Prostaglandin F2 resulted in the shortest mean induction-abortion interval (20 hours vs. 38 hours for hypertonic solution, 30 hours for ethacridine lactate, and 32 hours for 5% povidone-iodine solution. 4 (8%) of the 50 women who underwent an abortion induced by hypertonic solution required a blood transfusion. Another woman undergoing hypertonic solution abortion developed disseminated intravascular coagulation and died. The only women who experienced vomiting and loose stools were women receiving prostaglandin F2 (30 women [60%]). The most cost-effective abortion method was 5% povidone-iodine solution in normal saline, indicating that this is the preferred method for poor patients.
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PMID:Comparative study of midtrimester termination of pregnancy using hypertonic saline, ethacridine lactate, prostaglandin analogue and iodine-saline. 146 Mar 14

We report our experience of 0.1% intraamniotic Rivanol in the interruption of 100 midtrimester pregnancies (15-24 gestation weeks). The mean injection to abortion interval was 37.2h and there were no complications. Intraamniotic Rivanol injection combined with oxytocin infusion seemed an effective and safe method for terminating second trimester pregnancies.
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PMID:Induction of second trimester abortion by intraamniotic instillation of Rivanol (ethacridine) combined with oxytocin infusion. 210 39

There are several medical methods of inducing 2nd trimester abortion, each with merits and drawbacks, difficult to compare, especially when supplemental techniques are used. Drugs used are hypertonic saline, urea, natural and synthetic prostaglandins (PGs), mannitol, formalin, ethacridine lactate (Rivanol) and others for intraamniotic route; saline, PGs, Rivanol, utus paste and other extraamniotically; and the above methods combined with oral antiprogestins, iv oxytocics, in or intravaginal PGs, or mechanical cervical dilators. Few double-blind studies exist comparing drugs. About 50,000 mid-trimester abortions are done in the US yearly, about 10% of all terminations, but these cause 2/3 of all complications and half of the deaths. Saline can be used after 15 weeks, can cause hypernatremia or coagulopathy, and takes up to 72 hours unless augmented with ocytocin and/or laminaria. Urea may have less risk of coagulopathy. Rivanol is considered safer than both in some countries, e.g., Scandinavia, Eastern Europe, Israel, India and Japan. It can be instilled transcervically. Various intrauterine PGs have been compared in several doses and routes by WHO Task Force research groups and others. Extraamniotic PGs require a lower dose, cause fewer cervical lacerations, and can be used when membranes are ruptured, in molar pregnancy, at Weeks 13-15, and in cases of fibroids. This route is somewhat less effective than intraamniotic PGs, and may require multiple doses. Intraamniotic PGs act slower but are more effective, after only 1 dose. Laminaria speed up the process, but adding oxytocin increases risk of injury. PGs may be safer than saline, especially if intramuscular route is used, because there is no danger of coagulation, cardiovascular, renal or hypernatremic complications or inadvertent injection. It is possible that some of the higher complications attributed to PGs are related to selection of patients with more severe medical conditions. PGs are more expensive, and require medication for side effects.
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PMID:Intrauterine administration of drugs for termination of pregnancy in the second trimester. 222 3

Experience obtained in 1361 cases of first trimester pregnancy interruption with cervical Rivanol predilatation is reported. Rivanol-induced predilatation of the cervical canal prior to interruption was found to be an efficient procedure. The dilating effect of Rivanol could not be enhanced by i.m. administration of 5 IU oxytocin. After the interruption of more advanced pregnancies a higher degree of dilatation of the cervix was observed. The necessity of further dilatation prior to vacuum aspiration is, in the majority of cases, not higher than 2-2.5 H, which is insignificant on the softened cervix. The immediate complications of medical induction and interruption were infrequent and not severe. Thus, cervical predilatation with Rivanol prior to vacuum aspiration is a recommendable method of pregnancy interruption, worthy of widespread application.
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PMID:Interruption of pregnancy by cervical rivanol predilatation. 310 49

Fifty women undergoing second trimester legal abortion were randomly assigned to one of three groups: 1. given Rivanol and left with balloon catheter in the cervical canal with addition of oxytocin infusion. 2. same treatment as above but catheter removed and replaced by a Lamicel cervical dilatator, 5 mm in diameter; 3. as group 2, but with a 6 mm Laminaria tent inserted. Induction-abortion interval and need for analgesics were recorded, as well as possible side effects and complications. No statistical differences were found between the three groups for any of the parameters. We have thus not been able to show any advantages of using Laminaria or Lamicel osmotic cervix dilatators in second trimester abortions.
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PMID:Second trimester abortion by rivanol with or without cervical dilatators. A randomized comparison. 312 17

Induction of 2nd trimester abortion was studied by administration of the acridine derivative Rivanol in combination with an intravenous (iv) drip infusion of oxytocin or prostaglandin (PGF2alpha), alone or in combination. It was found that an early onset of the iv infusion was of major importance for the outcome. Administration of oxytocin in immediate connection with the Rivanol instillation proved more favorable than PGF2alpha administration or a combined oxytocin/PGF2alpha drip, taking into consideration the induction-abortion time as related to side effects. A lag phase between Rivanol instillation and the start of the iv infusion such as has earlier been frequently recommended seemed to be of no specific advantage, but caused both a prolonged induction-abortion time and an increased incidence of infection.
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PMID:Second-trimester abortion by extra-amniotic instillation of Rivanol combined with intravenous administration of oxytocin or prostaglandin F2 alpha. 641 16

This article discusses a clinical trial with the abortifacient agent ethacridine lactate as it was used for midtrimester abortion in Calcutta during the period January-July 1980. Results are then compared with intraamniotic hypertonic saline. 130 subjects were divided into 2 groups--Group 1 (60 women) were terminated with ethacridine lactate and group 2 (70 women) were terminated with saline. In cases where the patient complained of pain, analgesia was administered. In both groups, the largest concentration of women fell in the age groups 16-20 and 21-25. Similarly, single women were the largest representation in both groups although the saline group included more widows. Ethacridine lactate can be administered earlier in the 2nd trimester than saline. With it, expulsion occurred within 36 hours in 56.6% of the cases as compared with 22.9% in group 2. Both groups required the same amount of assistance with oxytocin. In group 1, there were only 3 cases (5%) of minor complications whereas in group 2, 19 cases (27.1%) developed complications. This alone strongly recommends ethacridine lactate as the preferred abortifacient. The success rate was 98%. Thus, ethacridine lactate appears to be a safe and effective agent for pregnancy termination during the 2nd trimester.
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PMID:Midtrimester abortion by ethacridine lactate. 714 27

Ethodin has been used to induce labor through a mechanism that does not involve the estrogen-preparatory process being postulated as necessary for ensuring the events in a normal labor. The cellular mechanisms involved in that process are unknown. We used an isolated organ bath preparation for mouse uterine horns and a primary culture of mouse myometrial smooth muscle cells to analyze the cellular mechanisms involved in the contractile action of this drug in the myometrium. Ethodin at a concentration of 10 microM and Compound 48/80 (1 microg/ml) evoked contractions of uterine horns in an isolated organ bath preparation. Uterine contractile responses showed a transient increase in contractile tension that lasted 2 to 3 min. Tachyphylaxis was observed after four or five successive stimuli, which consisted in additions and washings of the drug at an interval of 10 min. The primary smooth muscle mouse myometrium cells contained a high proportion of relaxed cells that varied widely in length (5-160 microm). Cell lengths decreased in response to the application of serotonin (10 microM) and oxytocin (0.1 microM) but were not affected after the addition of ethodin (10 microM). However, the cells contracted after a purified fraction of mast cells that had been degranulated by the action of the drug ethodin, which was added to the culture medium. These results provide some evidence related to the mechanism of myometrial contractile action of ethodin and support the hypothesis that mast cells may be involved in the regulation of myometrium contractility.
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PMID:Ethodin: pharmacological evidence of the interaction between smooth muscle and mast cells in the myometrium. 922 62


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