Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P01178 (oxytocin)
 15,767 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Prostaglandins, particularly PGE2 vaginally, can be valuable for cervical ripening or induction of labour in some women. Ease of use must not be allowed to result in unjustified intervention. Amniotomy followed by oxytocin infusion are the methods of choice for induction of labour. Careful monitoring of the maternal and fetal condition are vital, especially if an epidural block is in place. Augmentation of labour is only appropriate for inefficient primigravid labour. Failure to progress in a multiparous woman is more likely to be due to obstruction. Low residue, easily digested foodstuffs are not necessarily contraindicated during normal labour. When properly used, Entonox can provide analgesia equivalent to 75-100 mg pethidine. Sodium citrate is the antacid of choice during labour and should be combined with an H2-receptor blocking agent for caesarean section, or other procedure involving anaesthesia. The routine injection of Syntometrine at delivery of the anterior shoulder to prevent PPH is widespread in the UK but has not been properly tested. Oxytocics are invaluable in the treatment of PPH.
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PMID:Prescribing for labour. 287 14

The perinatal mortality in 1498 patients with one or more previous cesarean section scars delivered between 1972 and 1982 was analyzed. Repeat elective cesarean section was performed in 654 (44%) patients and 844 (56%) were subjected to a "trial of scar." Successful vaginal delivery occurred in 702 (83%) patients and 142 (17%) had emergency repeat operations. There were 46 perinatal deaths, giving a perinatal mortality rate (PMR) of 30.3/1000. It was lowest in patients who electively had a cesarean section (10.6/1000). The corrected PMR was twice as high in the trial of scar group. The PMR for the overall hospital population (27,072 babies) during the study period was 22.5/1000. There were four perinatal deaths in association with dehiscence of the uterine scar. The PMR in trial of scar patients decreased from 40/1000 to less than 20/1000 without a major change in policy. Meanwhile the unit cesarean section rate increased from 5 to 10%, but the repeat section rate was consistent at around 38.5%. Regional analgesia was used in 192 patients, for repeat section in five and trial of scar in 187. Oxytocin was given to 546 (65%) patients. Scar rupture is considered the major contraindication to a trial of scar, but emphasis was not laid on the possible increased perinatal mortality with this procedure before the 1980s. In view of the improvement in the PMR and the added risk to the mother with cesarean delivery, we advocate a policy of trial of scar with informed consent in selected cases.
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PMID:Delivery following cesarean section and perinatal mortality. 291 Mar 25

A prospective study was undertaken to evaluate the risk of uterine rupture or dehiscence after cesarean section. During the 10 years of the study, 24,644 patients were delivered of infants. Of these women, 2036 (8.3%) had previously undergone cesarean section. A trial of labor was allowed in 1008 of these patients, and 92.2% were delivered vaginally. The incidence of uterine rupture in this trial of labor group was 0.6%, compared with 0.4% in the total group. Cesarean section scar rupture caused no serious complications in either the mothers or the offspring in the trial of labor group. Uterine rupture in this group was not associated with use of oxytocin or epidural analgesia. Patients with lower-segment scar rupture had no history of puerperal pyrexia. The incidence of uterine dehiscence was 4%. In summary, the risk of uterine rupture in patients who have previously undergone cesarean section but are allowed a trial of labor is low and not associated with serious complications. Vaginal delivery is therefore considered the safest route of delivery in these patients.
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PMID:Rupture and dehiscence of cesarean section scar during pregnancy and delivery. 292 75

The hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) has been implicated in a remarkable number of functions including control of pituitary-adrenocortical activity in response to stress, body fluid homeostasis, milk ejection reflex, prolactin secretion, thyroid hormone secretion, analgesia, food intake, gastrointestinal functions, cardiovascular functions, and control of pineal melatonin synthesis. Paraventricular neurons produce hormones of key importance in neuroendocrine regulation such as vasopressin (VP), oxytocin (OX), 41-residue corticotropin releasing factor (CRF), thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH), somatostatin (SOM) and the putative prolactin releasing factor vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP). Three recent advances pertinent to the organization of the PVN include: (1) the evidence that the structure of the PVN is compartmental in nature, topographically segregated cellular units seem to carry out different functions; (2) the discovery that paraventricular neurons are capable of expressing a multitude of neuromediators simultaneously, thus cellular units can be best specified by a certain combination of neuromediators; (3) evidence that the composition of the neuromediator "cocktail" in individual neurons is variable and depends on the physiological status of the animal. Hence, the PVN may be best considered as a dynamic mosaic of chemically specified subgroups of neurons. The flexibility of neurotransmitter status in paraventricular neurons may play a central role of a functional plasticity of fixed anatomical circuits.
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PMID:Dynamism of chemoarchitecture in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. 304 19

A total of 2176 consecutive patients who had had one previous caesarean section were studied retrospectively. A repeat elective caesarean section was performed in 395 (18.2%). Labour started spontaneously in 1363 patients, 301 of whom were given oxytocin to accelerate inert labour, and was induced by amniotomy and infusion of oxytocin in 418 women; 1618 of these 1781 patients (90.8%) delivered vaginally. Patients who had had a previous vaginal delivery were more likely to deliver vaginally again. Those women in whom the initial caesarean section had been performed during labour before the cervix was 4 cm dilated were less likely to deliver vaginally than those who had progressed further in labour or those who had had an elective caesarean section. Similarly, those who received oxytocin to stimulate inert labour were more likely to require a repeat caesarean section than those who did not. The uterine scar ruptured in only eight (0.45%) of the 1781 patients allowed into labour. The risk of rupture of the scar was not increased by the use of oxytocin alone either to induce or to accelerate labour. The combination of oxytocin to accelerate labour and epidural analgesia to provide pain relief, however, was associated with an increased incidence of scar rupture. Labour may be safely allowed in women who have had a previous caesarean section, most of whom will deliver vaginally. Induction of labour does not increase the risk of either a repeat caesarean section or rupture of a uterine scar.
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PMID:Delivery after caesarean section: review of 2176 consecutive cases. 311 67

The factors responsible for postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) in singleton vaginal deliveries, not complicated by a retained placenta, were identified by comparing labour characteristics in 86 women who had a PPH (blood loss greater than 500 ml) with 351 women whose blood loss at delivery was less than 350 ml. Primiparity, induction of labour by amniotomy/oxytocin, forceps delivery, long first and second stages, oxytocin compared with syntometrine (oxytocin plus ergometrine maleate), as a prophylactic oxytocic, were identified as significant risk factors. Epidural analgesia contributed indirectly to an increase in the risk of postpartum haemorrhage. The changes in labour ward practice over the last 20 years have resulted in the re-emergence of PPH as a significant problem.
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PMID:Postpartum haemorrhage--a continuing problem. 349 28

A tabular synopsis is presented for articles concerned with the effects of peptides on the central nervous system that appeared in the journal Peptides from 1980-1985. A table arranged alphabetically by peptide and one arranged by effects, both listing routes of injection, species, direction of change, and qualifying notes, provides easy cross-referencing of peptides and their effects. Over 80 peptides and over 135 effects are listed. The list of peptides includes, but is not limited to: ACTH, angiotensin, bombesin, bradykinin, calcitonin, casomorphin, CCK, ceruletide, CGRP, CRF, dermorphin, DSIP, dynorphin, endorphins, enkephalins, GRF, gastrin, LHRH, litorin, metkephamid, MIF-l, motilin, MSH, NPY, NT, oxytocin, ranatensin, sauvagine, substances P and K, somatostatin, TRH, VIP, vasopressin, and vasotocin. The list of effects includes, but is not limited to: aggression, alcohol, analgesia, attention, avoidance, behavior, cardiovascular regulation, catalepsy, conditioned behavior, convulsions, dopamine binding and metabolism, discrimination, drinking, EEG, exploration, feeding, fever, gastric secretion, GI motility, grooming, learning, locomotor behavior, mating, memory, neuronal activity, open field, operant behavior, rearing, respiration, satiety, scratching, seizure, sleep, stereotypy, temperature, thermoregulation and tolerance.
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PMID:Central nervous system effects of peptides, 1980-1985: a cross-listing of peptides and their central actions from the first six years of the journal Peptides. 353 8

In a 30-month period, 261 of 557 (46.8%) patients underwent a trial of labor. Of these, 215 patients (82.4%) achieved vaginal delivery. The major controversial issues regarding vaginal delivery in patients with a prior cesarean section are oxytocin administration, the inclusion of patients with recurring indications, and the use of epidural analgesia. Oxytocin was not used in this study. When our results were compared to those of others who used oxytocin liberally we found that oxytocin augmentation was not a major factor in increasing significantly the success and vaginal delivery rate. We believe that oxytocin usage should be reserved for selected patients with well-defined indications. When the primary cesarean section was for cephalopelvic disproportion, 66.6% delivered vaginally. This success rate justifies the inclusion of these patients in a trial of labor. Epidural analgesia proved to be a safe and efficient procedure. There was no maternal or perinatal mortality related to trial of labor.
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PMID:Trial of labor without oxytocin in patients with a previous cesarean section. 356 82

Maternal and umbilical cord plasma sodium concentrations at delivery following routine labour ward management in uncomplicated pregnancies were studied. Three groups, each consisting of 16 patients, were recruited during labour. One group received 5% dextrose solution for administration of oxytocin. Another group received Hartmann's solution with epidural analgesia. The remaining group received no fluid (controls). There was no difference in the maternal and umbilical cord plasma sodium concentrations between patients who received 5% dextrose solution or Hartmann's solution and controls. Mild hyponatraemia (plasma sodium between 131 and 134 mmol/l) was common in all groups of mothers but severe hyponatraemia (less than 130 mmol/L) was rare. Similarly transplacental hyponatraemia was uncommon. There was no correlation between maternal plasma sodium concentration and the amount of fluid given. It was concluded that intravenous 5% dextrose solution and Hartmann's solution given during labour would not lead to significant hyponatraemia in the mother or fetus if the volume given was less than 0.6 litre.
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PMID:Intrapartum fluid administration and sodium concentration in maternal and umbilical cord plasma. 365 92

Several peptides, including arginine-vasopressin (AVP), neurotensin, and substance P, produce analgesia that is not mediated by opiate systems. Using the hot plate test, we studied the analgesic effects of intracisternal (i.c.) administration of various doses of the nonapeptide oxytocin (OXY) in Swiss-Webster mice. We found that OXY (1-4 micrograms) significantly increased the latency of animals to jump or lick their paws after placement on a hot plate. This effect was not blocked by naloxone pretreatment, which suggests that it is not opiate dependent. Using the hot plate test, we confirmed that AVP (1 and 4 micrograms) also produces analgesia. We then studied the analgesia produced by OXY and by AVP using 3 nonapeptide analogues with antagonist properties: [Pen1, LpMePhe2, Thr4, Orn8]OXY (PLMPTO-OXY) that has anti-oxytocic properties in the uterine contraction assay, d(CH2)5Tyr(Me)AVP(dTM-AVP) which antagonizes the antidiuretic properties of AVP and d(CH2)5D-Ile2,Abu4-AVP (dIA-AVP) which antagonizes the vasopressor effects of AVP. Simultaneous administration of PLMPTO-OXY completely blocked the analgesia produced by OXY whereas the antidiuretic antagonist dIA-AVP partially blocked OXY-induced analgesia and dTM-AVP had no effect. None of the antagonists used blocked AVP-induced analgesia. We concluded that the neural systems mediating the analgesic effects of i.c. OXY differ from those for AVP.
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PMID:Effects of nonapeptide antagonists on oxytocin- and arginine-vasopressin-induced analgesia in mice. 367 85


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