Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P01178 (oxytocin)
 15,767 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

1. In water-loaded rats under ethanol anaesthesia, the injection of 2-4 microliters 1.54M NaCl solution (hypertonic saline:HS) into a lateral cerebral ventricle (i.c.v.) produced an antidiuretic and a pressor response, together with increased urinary excretion of vasopressin and 'oxytocin-like radioimmunoreactivity' (OLRI). In lactating rats HS also produced a milk-ejection response which was shown to be due to the release of oxytocin. 2. The injection of 20-40 micrograms gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) or 40-80 ng muscimol i.c.v. 2 min before HS inhibited the antidiuretic, pressor and milk-ejection responses and reduced the urinary excretion of vasopressin and OLRI. 3. The pressor response to HS was abolished by a ganglion blocking agent but it was not reduced by a vasopressin antagonist. After the antagonist, the antidiuretic response to HS was abolished and the pressor response was accompanied by a diuresis both of which were blocked by muscimol. 4. The threshold dose of HS for an antidiuretic response was 4-8 times higher on injection into the cisterna magna (i.cist.) than when injected i.c.v. GABA, i.v. or i.cist, did not inhibit the response to HS i.c.v. 5. The results confirm other evidence that, in the rat, in contrast some other species, an osmotic stimulus causes release of both vasopressin and oxytocin. This release is blocked by GABA and muscimol. These drugs and HS act at a site reached not from the subarachnoid space but from the cerebral ventricles, probably the hypothalamus. The pressor response to HS under the experimental conditions used is due entirely to central sympathetic stimulation and this effect, as well as the release of vasopressin and oxytocin, is blocked by muscimol.
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PMID:Central inhibition by gamma-aminobutyric acid and muscimol of the release of vasopressin and oxytocin by an osmotic stimulus in the rat. 233 82

A 31 years old multiparous woman was delivered by caesarean section at her first pregnancy. For her third, spontaneous, full-term labour an epidural analgesia was realized with 0.125% epinephrined bupivacaine and fentanyl (1 mg per kg). In spite of its initial efficacy, pains appeared only localized at the caesarean scar. An uterine rupture was suspected, due probably to the use of oxytocin. The operating room was immediately prepared for an emergency caesarean section. As none other pejorative clinical manifestation was present, vaginal delivery was pursued and an healthy boy was taken out after application of forceps. The uterine revision and the secondary laparotomy, performed under epidural anesthesia, confirmed an uterine break, not very wide. The end result was satisfactory both for the mother and the child. The use of epidural analgesia and oxytocin are discussed from the literature and the clinical facts. The absence of internal tocography is an arguable point in this case report.
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PMID:[A uterine rupture during peridural anesthesia]. 236 2

Both oxytocin (OXY) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) enhance the effects of corticotropin-releasing factor on ACTH release by the pituitary. One of these, AVP, plays a role in the control of fluid balance and responses to hypoxemic stress in the fetal sheep. To determine the possibility that OXY also participates in fetal neuroendocrine events, OXY-containing neuronal structures must first be demonstrated within the fetal endocrine hypothalamus. OXY-immunoreactive elements were examined in fetal sheep hypothalami late in gestation and compared to AVP-containing structures using immunocytochemical procedures. Six fetal sheep ranging from 126 to 144 days gestational age were delivered via cesarian section from timed pregnant Rambouillet-Columbia ewes and killed by an overdose of anesthesia. The fetal head was perfused via bilateral carotid catheters and processed for immunocytochemical localization of OXY or AVP using the avidin-biotin complex procedure. At all fetal ages examined, OXY- and AVP-containing neurons were found within the paraventricular nuclei (PVN), supraoptic nuclei (SON) and accessory magnocellular hypothalamic nuclei. OXY-containing neurons were found principally in the SON and PVN. They were generally less numerous and less intensely stained than the AVP neurons. In the SON, they concentrated along the dorsal borders of the nucleus above the AVP neurons. In PVN, clusters of OXY cells were located along the dorsal and lateral borders of the nucleus surrounding the AVP neurons; in the periventricular division, they were intermingled with the AVP neurons. Small numbers of OXY axons were located in the external zone of the median eminence; whereas most OXY axons extended into the hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal tract and posterior lobe of the pituitary. A few of the OXY axons in the pituitary stalk were diverted to the pars intermedia. Likewise, some of the OXY fibers from the external zone of the median eminence entered the pars tuberalis but were rarely found in the distal lobe of the pituitary. In contrast, AVP axons richly innervated the external zone of the median eminence, and neural lobe. Like OXY, AVP axons from the median eminence and the pituitary stalk sent projections to the adenohypophysis. AVP fibers in the pars distalis frequently contacted corticotropes and were more numerous than OXY fibers in this region. These data provide anatomical evidence that OXY and AVP may directly regulate the fetal adenohypophysis. Of these two neuropeptides, AVP predominates anatomically.
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PMID:Neuropeptide cells and fibers in the hypothalamus and pituitary of the fetal sheep: comparison of oxytocin and arginine vasopressin. 251 63

Four cases are presented in which increased QRS complex voltages or deviation of the mean electrical axis were observed in the fetus by direct fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) during delivery under anaesthesia. There was transformation of the initial QRS aspect before delivery. These changes were only observed when large doses of oxytocin (20 IU in 500 ml) were used after Pentothal administration in deliveries in which other fetal ECG alterations (bradycardia, ST changes, T inversion) and/or low pH values had been observed. In case 1 there were ST level changes, inversion of the T wave and transformation of the QRS complex from RS to Rs. Case 2 showed a change from RS to QR type complex associated with repolarization defects. In cases 3 and 4, ST level changes, inversion and increased QRS complex voltages were observed. We checked that the modifications observed were not due to changes in position of the fetus during recording. It is thought that the acute redistribution of the fetal blood volume due to oxytocin overstimulation in fetal hearts with hypoxic signs may lead to compensatory mechanisms such as tachycardia, increased contractile activity (higher QRS) and functional predominance of one side of the fetal heart (deviation of the electrical axis) subjected to sudden load.
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PMID:QRS changes in direct fetal electrocardiogram during uterine overstimulation; report of four cases. 259 59

The length of the first and second stages of labor was evaluated in 6991 women with singleton gestations at 37-42 weeks with vertex presentation. All patients delivered spontaneously without the use of oxytocin. Four study groups were created based on parity and whether conduction anesthesia was used. The mean lengths and limits (95th percentile) for the first stage of labor, respectively, were as follows: nulliparas: no anesthesia--8.1 and 16.6 hours, conduction anesthesia--10.2 and 19.0 hours; multiparas: no anesthesia--5.7 and 12.5 hours, conduction anesthesia--7.4 and 14.9 hours. Similar data for the second stage were as follows: nulliparas: no anesthesia--54 and 132 minutes, conduction anesthesia--79 and 185 minutes; multiparas: no anesthesia--19 and 61 minutes, conduction anesthesia--45 and 131 minutes. These statistical parameters are useful for defining when a labor becomes abnormal and intervention should be considered.
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PMID:Characteristics of normal labor. 258 66

The purpose of this research was to prospectively study the variables contributing to the variance in third-day bilirubin levels in healthy, full-term newborns. The study subjects were 252 full-term, healthy infants born at the University of Kansas Medical Center over a four-month period. Using a multiple stepwise regression analysis, six factors were found to be significant predictors of higher third-day bilirubin levels: higher cord bilirubin level; lower total serum protein in the infant on admission to the nursery; sex of the child; administration of promethazine hydrochloride during labor; greater weight loss in the infant; and breast-feeding. Several other factors which have been implicated previously--including use of oxytocin for induction or augmentation of labor, previous use of birth control pills by the mother, prolonged rupture of membranes prior to delivery, type of delivery, race, and epidural anesthesia--were not found to be significant predictors of third-day bilirubin levels once the six variables listed had been taken into consideration. The results are discussed in terms of past research as well as implications for clinical practice.
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PMID:Factors predictive of heightened third-day bilirubin levels: a multiple stepwise regression analysis. 275 55

Hospital records were used to record, all drugs prescribed in the maternity ward, delivery characteristics and complications in both mother and infant at five university hospitals. The retrospective survey comprised 970 women and represented 10% of all vaginal deliveries in these hospitals in 1980, and 2% of all annual births in Norway. In total 90% of the women received drugs, excluding laxatives, oxytocics and long-term medication, vitamins and iron. Large variations were found between hospitals in respect of hypnotics (41-86%) and analgesics (65-95%). Of newborns 4-23% were treated with a drug. The large variation was largely due to frequent administration of naloxone at one of the hospitals. Drug utilization post partum was significantly higher in primipareas and in mothers who underwent interventions such as epidural anaesthesia, oxytocin drip, forceps delivery and tears. 98% of the babies were breast-fed on discharge and thus received milk potentially containing drugs. The frequent use of hypnotics indicates that breast-feeding mothers were treated like hospital patients in general. For the majority of the drugs used as a routine in the maternity wards there was no data or insufficient data on excretion in breast milk. The large discrepancy between hospitals as regards prescription of hypnotics and oxytocics to the mother and naloxone to the newborn was considered not to reflect rational prescription criteria and should therefore be reassessed.
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PMID:[Drugs for the mother and infant in the maternity ward. A study of 5 Norwegian university hospitals]. 277 76

A case report is presented of a parturient who suffered severe hypotension and pulmonary oedema following an overdose of intramyometrial prostaglandin F2 alpha. Oxytocin induction of labour in this patient led to a rapid delivery, followed by a hypotonic uterus and postpartum haemorrhage. After resuscitation with blood and crystalloid fluids, the uterus was explored under general anaesthesia. The uterus was free of retained products but the lower uterine segment failed to contract despite bimanual uterine compression and intravenous oxytocin. Prostaglandin F2 alpha was injected into the lower uterine segment via a transvaginal approach. This was rapidly followed by cardiovascular collapse and later by pulmonary oedema. The differential diagnosis and subsequent management are discussed.
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PMID:Cardiovascular collapse following an overdose of prostaglandin F2 alpha: a case report. 278 38

In 42 patients with intrauterine fetal death between the 29th and 43rd week of gestation, a standard, 2-step procedure was employed to deliver the dead fetus. After priming with an intracervical application of PGF2 alpha- or PGE2-gel, labor was induced by extra-amniotic prostaglandin (PG) gel or oxytocin infusion while under epidural anesthesia. Intracervical PG application led to a significant improvement in the modified Bishop score from 1.3 to 7.6 after a mean of 8 h. In 20 patients labor and progressive dilatation of the cervix occurred after intracervical PG gel application alone. The average total therapy time was 18.1 h in patients treated with PGF2 alpha and 13.7 h in the PGE2-treated group. The average induction of labor to delivery intervals were 8.8 h in the PGF2 alpha- and 7.1 h in the PGE2-group. Gastrointestinal side effects were observed in only 5 patients. The combination of cervical ripening with intracervical PG gel application and induction of labor by extra-amniotic PG gel under epidural anesthesia is an efficient and safe method for treatment of intrauterine fetal death.
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PMID:Cervical ripening and induction of labor by intracervical and extra-amniotic prostaglandin gel application in cases of intrauterine fetal death. 286 89

Plasma concentrations of oestrogen-stimulated neurophysin (ESN), prolactin, and growth hormone were measured before and after the first treatment in a course of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) given to 25 psychiatric patients and during induction of anaesthesia in 9 women undergoing elective cholecystectomy. Prolactin levels rose and growth hormone levels fell during both cholecystectomy and ECT, but ESN levels rose only after ECT. The peak ESN response to ECT was significantly greater (p less than 0.005) in the 16 depressed patients who recovered than in the 9 who did not. All patients in whom plasma ESN concentration increased by more than 100% satisfactorily recovered from their depressive illness. If a 63% increase in ESN concentration is used to classify all subjects, 12% are misclassified by outcome at 2 months. The extent of the ESN response, but not the prolactin or growth hormone responses, correlated with improvement in symptoms measured by Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression and the Montgomery and Asberg Depression Rating Scale.
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PMID:Oestrogen-stimulated neurophysin and outcome after electroconvulsive therapy. 287 18


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