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Query: UNIPROT:P01178 (oxytocin)
 15,767 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

During the period 2/18 to 12/31/74, 370 patients with definite indications for labor induction were given prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) .5 mg immediately after amniotomy and at hourly intervals thereafter. After 4-8 hours, the dosage of PGE2 was increased 1 mg to 1.5 mg per hour based on inadequacy of contractions. Cesarian section or oxytocin infusion was performed on patients regarded as failures. Of the 370 patients, 327 (88.3%) had successful induction of labor with oral PGE2. Success rate was 79.7% in the 177 primigravidae and 96.4% in the 193 multigravidae. Successful patients delivered within 24 hours of PGE2 administration, with dosage of PGE2 ranging from 0.5 mg to 22.5 mg (average dose, 5 mg). 15 had vaginal deliveries after oxytocin infusion (14 were primigravidae with pelvic scores of 4; 1 multigravida had a pelvic score of 2), while 28 had Cesarian sections. Table 7 (the relationship between parity, pelvic score and successful vaginal delivery) shows that primigravida with a poor pelvic score (0 to 4) only had a 63.6% success rate; patients with a pelvic score of 5 and above, particularly multiparas, had the best chance of success. Oral PGE2 administration eliminates the discomfort and difficulties associated with intravenous infusion and is the method of choice in cases where fluid retention must be avoided.
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PMID:The routine use of oral prostaglandin E2 in induction of labour. 119 4

The safety and efficacy of mid-trimester abortion induced by extra-amniotic infusion of PGF2 alpha were evaluated in a retrospective review of 178 such procedures. All pregnancy terminations were performed in 1982-87 at Australia's King George V Memorial Hospital. The mean gestational age was 17.0 weeks, with a range of 13-25 weeks. The mean age of abortion patients was 26.4 years, with a range of 12-48 years. The most common indication for 2nd-trimester abortion was psychosocial reasons (102 cases). There were 4 failures in this series and 10 cases with serious complications (hemorrhage, infection, and cervical laceration). The mean induction-abortion interval was 29.6 minutes +or- 16.3, but there was a trend toward a shorter such interval in multiparas and women undergoing the procedure due to a death in utero. 96 patients required intravenous oxytocin infusion, and 95 needed curettage for clinically incomplete abortion. The majority (160 women) required parenteral pathidine for pain relief during the induction-abortion interval. Overall, the data suggest that, while the extra-amniotic infusion of PGF2 alpha is a safe and effective method of midtrimester abortion, it is also painful and lengthy. Both an increased dose of PGF2 alpha (1000 mcg was used in this study) and pretreatment with mifepristone or laminaria could reduce the induction-abortion interval and thereby the amount of patient discomfort. On the other hand, dilatation and evacuation may be the method of choice in the 13-16 weeks gestational age range, and comparative studies should be planned to assess this impression.
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PMID:Second trimester abortion by extra-amniotic PGF2 alpha infusion: experience of 178 cases. 187 74

Exogenous administration of cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK) is known to decrease food intake and slow gastric emptying in humans and animals. Recent studies have shown that CCK stimulates neurohypophyseal secretion of oxytocin (OT) in rats and arginine vasopressin (AVP) in monkeys, and that gastric distention also stimulates OT release in rats. We therefore studied AVP and OT secretion in 14 normal subjects in response to meal-induced gastric distention and administration of CCK, both separately and in combination, to assess whether these stimuli similarly activated central neurohypophyseal pathways in humans. Neither plasma AVP nor OT concentrations increased after gastric distention produced by ingestion of a large meal. However, a dose-related increase in plasma AVP, but not OT levels, occurred after CCK administration, the threshold CCK dose being 0.05 micrograms/kg body weight. The AVP secretion in response to CCK administration was significantly correlated with subjective aversive symptoms quantified by use of a numeric scale (r = 0.61, P less than 0.001). In 12 of the 14 subjects plasma AVP levels increased in association with symptoms of epigastric pressure and discomfort before the onset of overt nausea or emesis. The combination of CCK and meal-induced gastric distention did not stimulate increases in plasma AVP levels in excess of those produced by CCK administration alone. The results demonstrate that AVP secretion resulting from emetic center activation often is a graded response that can begin in association with milder degrees of visceral discomfort before symptoms of overt nausea or emesis. In addition, the stimulation of AVP secretion by CCK administration, but not by meal-induced gastric distention in association with physiological satiety, suggests that some component of the anorectic effects of exogenous CCK in man likely results from activation of brainstem emetic centers.
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PMID:Neurohypophyseal secretion in response to cholecystokinin but not meal-induced gastric distention in humans. 292 13

The contraction stress test (CST) is used widely as a measure of fetoplacental respiratory reserve. With contractions traditionally induced by intravenous oxytocin, the test has been limited in its use by time, expense and patient discomfort. In a prospective evaluation of the effectiveness of nipple stimulation for the production of uterine contractions, a successful CST was obtained in 94% of the attempts, with a mean total test time of 12 minutes.
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PMID:Contraction stress testing with nipple stimulation. 402 Jul 88

The prostaglandins F2alpha (PGF2alpha) and E2 (PGE2) used for abortion during the 2nd trimester of pregnancy were compared and are presented along with a method of management that minimizes patient discomfort. The study included 23 consecutive patients who wanted to undergo elective 2nd trimester abortion at the Unviersity of California, Davis Medical Center, during the January 1981-May 1981 period. Gestational age was determined by menstrual history, fundal size, and, when necessary, ultrasonography. Patients between 14-20 weeks of estimated gestational age were assigned to either PGF2alpha or PGE2 therapy using a set of random numbers. Patients were excluded from the study if a history of significant renal, cardiac, or pulmonary disease was obtained, if a uterine or cervical anomaly was suspected, or if abortion was desired because of a known fetal anomaly, abnormal karyotype, or fetal demise. 13 patients were in the PGF2alpha group and 12 were in the PGE2 group. 4 patients in the PGF2alpha group and 5 in the PGE2 group were nulliparas. The mean induction to abortion interval was 9.19 +or- 6.18 hours, 3-22 hours, for those in the PGF2alpha group and 9.19 +or- 2.59 hours, 5.75-12.78 hours, for those in the PGE2 group. The difference was not statistically significant. The cumulative abortions rates of the 2 methods were similar. Except for 2 patients who received PGF2alpha, all of the patients studied aborted within 14 hours. There was a 31% incidence of emesis in those patients in the PGF2alpha group, but none of these patients had more than a single episode. A 20% incidence of emesis was noted for the PGE2 group, with each of these patients having 2 episodes. No patient had diarrhea or hyperthermia develop, and none required antidiarrheal or antipyretic medication after the intial prophylactic dosages. Of the patients in the PGF2alpha group, 61.5% required supplementary analgesia as compared with 60% for those in the PGE2 group. Of those patients requiring additional analgesia, those in the PGF2alpha group, on an average, had more medication given orally and intramuscularly. Curettage was considered to be an integral part of the abortion procedure. Products of conception were obtained from all of the patients at the time of curettage. No patient returned after discharge from the hospital because of hemorrhage or infection as a result of retained products of conception. With the use of laminaria tents for cervical priming, prophylaxis of minor side effects, oxytocin supplementation and postabortal curettage, PGF2alpha and PGE2 are equivalent midtrimester abortifacients when rapidity, safety, and patient comfort are considered.
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PMID:A comparative study of two types of prostaglandins for abortion during the second trimester. 657 7

Electrical breast stimulation using a modified electromyograph was performed on 10 pregnant women between 38 and 42 weeks of gestation. An adequate uterine contraction pattern (at least three contractions lasting > or = 30 seconds in a 10-minute interval either recorded by external tochodynamometry, palpated and/or felt by the patient) was obtained in 8 of the 10. Two patients, however, had uterine hyperstimulation (contractions lasting > 90 seconds). In contrast to previous reports, serum oxytocin levels increased significantly in 7 of the 10 patients. Moreover, this increase preceded or was concomitant with the uterine contractions. Serum prolactin varied unpredictably following electrical breast stimulation. The stimulation was well tolerated, without any discomfort, by all the patients. Electrical breast stimulation can thus be used for the stimulation of uterine contractions.
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PMID:Electrical breast stimulation. Oxytocin, prolactin and uterine response. 833 22

We report the results of a pilot study conducted to compare the efficacy of oral prostaglandin E2 versus intravenous oxytocin in inducing labour after lower amniotomy in 20 primigravid patients at term. The results suggest no significant differences in the performance of each group for the induction to delivery interval, the mode of delivery, the Apgar score at five minutes or for third stage abnormalities. However, the use of oral PGE2 allows the patient unrestricted mobility and avoids the discomfort of i.v. infusions.
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PMID:Clinical trial comparing artificial rupture of membranes plus oral PGE2 tablets versus artificial rupture of membranes plus intravenous oxytocin for induction of labour in primigravid patients at term. 897 83

Parturition is a natural event that involves stress and pain for the mother. We thus hypothesized that levels of stress hormones measured during parturition could reflect levels reached in response to severe discomfort and pain of other kinds as well. The aim of this study was therefore to determine whether plasma concentrations of cortisol, adrenaline, noradrenaline, beta-endorphin, met-enkephalin, vasopressin and oxytocin vary depending on the phase and severity of labour in dairy heifers (ten) and dairy goats (six), and how these hormones interact with each other. Blood samples were taken once a day for 3 days before labour and for 3 days afterwards and at predetermined phases during labour. All heifers delivered one calf and five of them needed obstetrical assistance. Two of the goats delivered one kid, and four had twins; all kidded without help. The cortisol concentration peaked when the calf and the first kid were born. In the heifers, plasma adrenaline increased after delivery, while the noradrenaline concentration did not change significantly in heifers that needed assistance, but increased during expulsion in heifers calving without help. In the goats, adrenaline and noradrenaline concentrations increased in association with expulsion of the first kid. The beta-endorphin concentration increased during labour in goats. In heifers that needed assistance, beta-endorphin concentration increased 1 h after labour but there was no change in heifers that did not need assistance. The met-enkephalin concentration was elevated during expulsion in heifers and fluctuated in the goats. Both oxytocin and vasopressin increased during expulsion in both groups of heifers, but vasopressin increased four times more in heifers needing assistance. In the goats, oxytocin reached its highest levels just as the feet of the first kid became visible, and vasopressin peaked as the head emerged. Parturition took longer in heifers that needed assistance than in those that did not. It is concluded that, even though the pattern of change differed between hormones during labour, the changes were related to the phases of labour. A longer labour therefore meant that the hormone concentrations stayed elevated for longer. Vasopressin reached high levels in goats and was the only hormone for which plasma concentrations were higher in heifers that needed assistance than in those that did not, indicating that this hormone is released in order to deal with the pain-related stress associated with labour.
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PMID:Hormonal changes during parturition in heifers and goats are related to the phases and severity of labour. 985 79

Exposure to hostile conditions initiates the secretion of several hormones, including corticosterone/cortisol, catecholamines, prolactin, oxytocin, and renin, as part of the survival mechanism. Such conditions are often referred to as "stressors" and can be divided into three categories: external conditions resulting in pain or discomfort, internal homeostatic disturbances, and learned or associative responses to the perception of impending endangerment, pain, or discomfort ("psychological stress"). The hormones released in response to stressors often are referred to as "stress hormones" and their secretion is regulated by neural circuits impinging on hypothalamic neurons that are the final output toward the pituitary gland and the kidneys. This review discusses the forebrain circuits that mediate the neuroendocrine responses to stressors and emphasizes those neuroendocrine systems that have previously received little attention as stress-sensitive hormones: renin, oxytocin, and prolactin. Anxiolytic drugs of the benzodiazepine class and other drugs that affect catecholamine, GABAA, histamine, and serotonin receptors alter the neuroendocrine stress response. The effects of these drugs are discussed in relation to their effects on forebrain neural circuits that regulate stress hormone secretion. For psychological stressors such as conditioned fear, the neural circuits mediating neuroendocrine responses involve cortical activation of the basolateral amygdala, which in turn activates the central nucleus of the amygdala. The central amygdala then activates hypothalamic neurons directly, indirectly through the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and/or possibly via circuits involving brainstem serotonergic and catecholaminergic neurons. The renin response to psychological stress, in contrast to those of ACTH and prolactin, is not mediated by the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and is not suppressed by benzodiazepine anxiolytics. Stressors that challenge cardiovascular homeostasis, such as hemorrhage, trigger a pattern of neuroendocrine responses that is similar to that observed in response to psychological stressors. These neuroendocrine responses are initiated by afferent signals from cardiovascular receptors which synapse in the medulla oblongata and are relayed either directly or indirectly to hypothalamic neurons controlling ACTH, prolactin, and oxytocin release. In contrast, forebrain pathways may not be essential for the renin response to hemorrhage. Thus current evidence indicates that although a diverse group of stressors initiate similar increases in ACTH, renin, prolactin, and oxytocin, the specific neural circuits and neurotransmitter systems involved in these responses differ for each neuroendocrine system and stressor category.
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PMID:Forebrain pathways mediating stress-induced hormone secretion. 988 35

Dysmenorrhea is a common gynecologic complaint. After their first menstrual period, 30%-60% of American women suffer from some level of discomfort. It is estimated that 6 billion work hours are lost in this manner every year in the United States which equals an economic loss of nearly US$200 million. Dysmenorrhea is not only a problem for women but also one which affects quality of life and even reduces productivity in general. Dysmenorrhea is directly related to elevated levels of PGF2alpha (prostaglandins F2alpha) and is treated using nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs in Western medicine. Though efficacy of the latter is rapid, there are many side effects to the liver, kidney, and digestive system. The anti-inflammatory effect is temporary, and such drugs are unable to provide a long-term cure. Because of this, Chinese medicinal therapy is being considered as a feasible alternative medicine. In this study, Wen-Jing Tang (one of the dysmenorrhea Chinese medicinal prescriptions) was selected. A 50% alcoholic solution was used to extract active ingredients and create a freeze-dried product. At first, Wen-Jing Tang was used to suppress spontaneous contractions and prostaglandins F2alpha-induced contractions of rat uterine smooth muscle in vitro. Then, an assessment was performed to determine the mechanism of the prescription. Acetylcholine, ergonovine, propranolol, oxytocin, and KCl were used to analyze the physiological mechanisms of WJT. The results show that antagonism of both PGF2alpha and ACh are the major mechanisms for treating dysmenorrhea by Wen-Jing Tang. Furthermore, the antagonistic effect of KCl-depolarization contractions may be an auxiliary mechanism of the curative effect.
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PMID:Effect of a dysmenorrhea Chinese medicinal prescription on uterus contractility in vitro. 1291 77


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