Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P01178 (oxytocin)
 15,767 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Gemeprost (16,16-dimethyl-trans-delta2 Prostaglandin E1-methyl ester) is a synthetic analogue of Prostaglandin E. It is used to induce midtrimester abortion. 40 women, with diagnoses of fetal abnormality or fetal death in utero, were given a 1 mg Gemeprost pessary in the posterior vaginal fornix. After resting for 30 minutes, the patients were free to move around. The treatment was repeated every 3 hours, until either the products of conception were expelled or 5 pessaries had been inserted. If delivery did not occur within 12 hours, oxytocin infusion was commenced. 42% of the patients delivered with Gemeprost alone, and only 17.5% required surgery. Side effects were few and included incomplete abortion, fever, vomiting, diarrhea, and bleeding. Gemeprost is considered safer and simpler than its alternative, extraamniotic infusion of Prostaglandin F2 alpha.
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PMID:Vaginally administered 16,16-dimethyl-PGE1-methyl ester (Gemeprost) to induce termination of pregnancy after the first trimester. 323 78

The use of gemeprost (16,16 dimethyl-trans-delta 2-PGE1 methyl ester) vaginal pessaries for the termination of pregnancy in the early second trimester has been further investigated. Of 113 women between 12 and 16 weeks gestation, 93 (82%) aborted within 24 hours of the administration of 4.4 +/- 0.1 1 mg gemeprost pessaries. The mean induction-abortion interval was 881 +/- 31 minutes. Successful abortion was achieved in 16 of the remaining 20 women after a second course of gemeprost pessaries without the need for oxytocin supplementation. There were no serious complications. Crampy abdominal pain and vaginal bleeding started after 275 and 756 minutes respectively. Twenty-two (19%) patients did not require pain relief during treatment, but 90 (80%) required parenteral opiates. Vomiting and diarrhoea occurred in 16 (14%) and 23 (20%) cases respectively. The safe induction of therapeutic abortion in 96% of women using vaginal prostaglandin alone offers an acceptable alternative to surgical evacuation in the early second trimester.
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PMID:Prostaglandin-induced pregnancy termination: further studies using gemeprost (16,16 dimethyl-trans-delta 2-PGE1 methyl ester) vaginal pessaries in the early second trimester. 368 94

Short-latency emetic responses were induced in dogs by injecting angiotensin II (AII), arginine vasopressin (AVP), and neurotensin (NTN) into cerebroventricular (ICV) and cisternal (ICT) sites also responsive to the emetic effects of apomorphine (APO). Angiotensin III, bradykinin, bombesin, oxytocin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, substance P, gastrin-related peptide and cholecystokinin were ineffective. The results suggest a possible dopaminergic mediation of peptide-induced emesis by receptors in the area postrema (AP).
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PMID:Emetic effects of centrally administered angiotensin II, arginine vasopressin and neurotensin in the dog. 404 79

20 healthy women between 18-20 weeks of gestation and seeking abortion were studied to compare the effects of prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2) with those of instillation of saline solution and intravenous oxytocin. 9 out of 10 patients in the prostaglandin group aborted completely in about 15.16 hours. In only one of the prostaglandin patients did abortion have to be completed surgically. All of the 10 patients in the saline solution-oxytocin group also aborted completely, but with a mean time of 22.34 hours, a difference not statistically significant. The complication rate was higher in patients aborted with PGF2, including postabortion lactation and gastrointestinal effects, especially vomiting. In terms of hormonal changes, the similarities between the 2 groups were more numerous than the differences, suggesting that the 2 mechanics of abortion may not be totally different. Comparative studies on a much larger group of patients are desirable.
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PMID:Comparison of prostaglandin F2alpha and hypertonic saline for induction of midtrimester abortion. 442 5

Recent research suggests that the action of prostaglandins on the pregnant uterus is more complex than that of oxytocin. Despite the fact that prostaglandins, like oxytocin, may fall short of the ideal, preliminary work makes it apparent that prostaglandins have attributes for induction of labor that will ultimately rank them as far superior to oxytocin. A 1st sign that prostaglandins might be more than just oxytocic agents came from the discovery of the effectiveness of prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in inducing mid-trimester abortion. For a long time it has been known that oxytocin seldom causes abortion of a normal pregnancy. Prostaglandins cause rapid dilatation of the cervix and expulsion of the conceptus despite a lesser degree of measurable uterine activity than that induced by oxytocin. Prostaglandins do something more, either to the quality of uterine contractions or to the cervix. A major problem associated with the pharmacological use of prostaglandins has been a high incidence of unpleasant side-effects when given by routes that are associated with substantial systemic uptake. In general, doses of prostaglandins that are oxytocic result in nausea, vomiting and diarrhea when administered by the intravenous, oral or intravaginal routes. The intra-amniotic and extra-ovular routes of administration for induction of mid-trimester abortion, as described by Doctors Karim and Hillier, are examples of the successful application of the principle that prostaglandins can be effective without side-effects when they are delivered close to the site of action. Prostaglandins appear particularly well suited to induction of labor in women with prolonged fetal death, anencephaly or hydatidiform mole.
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PMID:Prostaglandins: current therapeutic status in obstetrics. 443 69

This study evaluates the efficacy of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) as an oxytocic agent for the augmentation of delay in labor in 40 consecutive patients matched with another group of 40 patients (treated with intravenous oxytocin) as to age, parity, maturity, cervical dilation at time of augmentation, and analgesia. Delay in labor was diagnosed clinically when there was arrest in the descent of the presenting part and/or arrest of dilatation of the cervix. All patients were continuously monitored by means of a presenting part electrode and an intrauterine pressure catheter. Both oxytocin and PGE2 were administered via a constant infusion Palmer pump. Standard dosage increments were used until adequate contractions were achieved and no deleterious effect on the fetus was observed. 0.75 ml of 1 mg/ml ampoule of PGE2 in ethanol was diluted in 500 ml normal saline. Initial rate of infusion was 0.285 mcg/minute for a minimum of 30 minutes; the dose was subsequently doubled at intervals of 1 hour until adequate contractions were achieved. Initial rate for infusion for oxytocin was 2mu/minute; the dose was doubled every hour until adequate contractions were noted. Further cervical dilatation and descent of the presenting part occurred in all cases. Mean Apgar scores at 1 and 5 minutes respectively were 7.53 and 9.50 for the PG group, and 6.93 and 9.18 for the oxytocin group. No perinatal deaths occurred. Mean birthweight was 3.34 kg for the PG group and 3.39 kg for the oxytocin group. The oxytocin group exhibited significantly higher augmentation/delivery interval (7.32 hours vs. 5.2 for the PG group, p 0.001), mean basal uterine tone (13.23 vs. 7.38, p 0.001), mean frequency of contraction (4.39 vs. 3.61, p 0.01), and incidence of side effects (nausea, vomiting, and pyrexia). A fetal heart rate of less than 100 beats/minute was seen in 3 patients in the PG group and 7 in the oxytocin group.
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PMID:A comparison of intravenous prostaglandin E2 and intravenous oxytocin for the augmentation of labour complicated by delay. 445 29

424 pregnant women seeking termination of 2nd trimester pregnancy had either PGF2alpha (290 women) or PGE2 (134 women) administration. Oxytocin was concomitantly administered as an intravenous infusion to 185 women. The patients were divided into 11 groups based on PG (prostaglandin) type and dose, route of PG administration, and oxytocin infusion (Table 1). Vital signs were monitored hourly and blood samples collected from most patients for analysis of erythrocyte sedimentation rate, hemoglobin, blood leukocytes, and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase before induction, at or immediately after abortion, and 24-48 hours after abortion. Side effects reported included diarrhea, vomiting, headache, and vasovagal symptoms. Complications included bleeding of 500 ml or more; pelvic infection and cervical rupture. Intraamniotic administration of 50 mg PGF2a either alone or with supplemental intravenous oxytocin, and intraamniotic use of 10 mg of PGE2 supplemented with oxytocin provided the best results in terms of success rate (100%) and shortest induction-abortion interval (14.1 to 16.2 hours). Extraamniotic administration had success rates ranging from 83% to 90%, depending on frequency of PG application. Intravenous PG administration was associated with low efficacy and high frequency of side effects.
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PMID:Prostaglandin induction of 424 midtrimester abortions. 445 74

In recent years prostaglandins have been used to induce abortion. The effect is due to the ability of the prostaglandins to cause uterine contractions. Intraamniotic hypertonic saline interrupts pregnancy by terminating the foetus and destroying the placenta. For many years we have had satifactory results with the latter method. However, it was considered that results might be improved by combining prostaglandin and hypertonic saline in a single therapeutic regime. In order to investigate the problem, 75 pregnant women of 13-19 weeks gestation were divided into 3 groups. In group I abortion was induced by 20% saline given intra-amniotically (max. 200 ml), in group II by 25 mg prostaglandin F2alpha and in group III by injecting both drugs simultaneously. The injection was never repeated. If abortion had not occurred within a time limit of 48 hours an oxytocin drip (120 MU/min) was given. If abortion had still not taken place within 24 hours after setting up the oxytocin drip the case was classified as unsuccessful. In the saline group 52% had an abortion within 48 hours and 72% within 72 hours after the intraamniotic injection, the average being 45,6 hours. In the prostaglandin group the corresponding figures were 68% and 92% and the average time from injection to abortion being 37,2 hours. In the combination treatment group the figures were 96% and 100% with the average time of 20,3 hours. The frequency of side effects and complications were low and equal in the three groups. Only the frequency of vomiting was different. In group I: nil, in group II: one case, and in group III: three cases. No episodes of diarrhoea was observed.
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PMID:A comparison of termination of pregnancies in the 2nd trimester induced by intraamniotic injection of hypertonic saline, prostaglandin F2alpha or both drugs. 453 97

This paper reports on the 1st experiences with extraamniotic administration of prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) in induced abortion. It was found that the average dose in 30 primigravidae and 32 multigravidae was approximately equal. The average time of application was 28 hours 30 minutes in the 1st group and 24 hours 40 minutes in the 2nd. In 11 cases, PG application was followed by oxytocin infusion. The method proved successful in 83.5%; partial success was achieved in 15% of the cases. As partial successes, those cases in which the cervical channel was not completely opened, the evacuation of the uterus with instruments was still achievable without difficulty. 1 failure was observed. The highest doses were needed between weeks 13-16 of pregnancy (the small numbers did not allow the computation of statistical significance). Side effects were remarkably low (e.g., nausea, vomiting, profuse perspiration). A temporary rise in temperature above 38 degrees Celsius was noted in 8 women. Compared with reports from the literature, the dose, number, and degree of side effects were lower than those found with intravenous administration. In contrast to other authors, we administered single doses up to 2000 mcg, at which time the application should be diminished. (author's)
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PMID:[Initial experiences with prostaglandin F2 in induced abortion]. 471 51

This study combined the use of preinjection laminaria, intravenous oxytocin, and 15 mg of intra-amniotic prostaglandin (PG) F2alpha in order to demonstrate a potentially improved procedure for 2nd trimester abortion. 20 patients, aged 18-27, were between the 16-20 weeks gestation, and were free of intercurrent medical or obstetrical problems. 7 of the 20 were nulliparae. A laminaria was inserted into the cervix the evening before the injection of PG. In the morning an intravenous infusion was begun using 50 units of oxytocin in 500 ml of 5% dextrose and 0.9% sodium choloride at a rate of 150 ml/hour. The amniocentesis was performed and when a free flow of clear amniotic fluid was obtained 15 mg. of PGF2alpha was injected into the amniotic cavity. Different concentrations of oxytocin were administered if contractions were increasingly painful or not. Results of the experiment were that: 1) all patients aborted within 24 hours of the prostaglandin injection, 2) the median injection-to-abortion interval was 7 hours and 25 minutes; primigravidae aborted with a median time of 15 hours 20 minutes; and multiparous patients aborted in 6 hours 20 minutes; 3) only 9 patients requested analgesia medication; 4) the average blood loss was 150-200 nl; 1 patient had a postabortion hemorrhage greater than 500 ml; 5) 3 patients underwent sharp curettage for suspected retained secundines; 6) vomiting occurred in 6 patients, 3 of whom had emesis once; and 7) no diarrhea was encountered during the study. This study demonstrates that this procedure fulfills 3 strict criteria for success, as follows: 1) single injection technic, 2) consistent abortion within 24 hours, and 3) minimal side effects.
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PMID:Midtrimester abortion using prostaglandin F2alpha, oxytocin, and laminaria. 471 13


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