Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P01178 (oxytocin)
 15,767 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Medicaments are used to prepare for instrument abortions in the 1st trimester and as inducers of abortion in the 2nd trimester. The effects, side effects, and dangers depend on the substances used and the route of application, which can be vaginal, cervical, injection, instillation, extraamniotic, intraamniotic, intravenous, or intramuscular. In the past, intraamniotic instillation of a 20% salt solution was the most common 2nd trimester method in Japan, the US, and Eastern Europe, giving a success rate of 90%. Serious side effects prompted substitution of extraamniotic instillation, which rarely produces serious side effects. Instillation of a 60% urea solution into the amniotic fluid in combination with oxytocin or prostaglandin produces an abortion in 13-21 hours, with a failure rate of 3% and a frequency of cervical laceration of under 1%. Extraamniotic use of a .1% solution of rivanol yields a success rate of about 85%, with a relatively long average time to explusion of 24-41 hours. In case of failure the procedure can be repeated. The advantage of the Rivanol method is the rarity of infectious complications. Alcohol is not used as a human abortifacient because it produces necrosis in the decidua and placenta. Prostaglandins are used in most 2nd trimester abortions. Research is underway to identify derivatives that will have an extended uterine impact without serious side effects. Different routes of administration have different effectiveness rates and dangers. All prostaglandins cause side effects including pain during uterine contractions, gastro-intestinal reactions, nausea, vomiting, fever, and headaches. Specific preparations are associated with other effects, some of them life-threatening. Emergency treatment should be available when these substances are used. Adjuvant measures may be employed before adminstration of an abortifacient agent to soften the cervix, or after administration to hasten the procedure. The choice of procedure depends upon the personality, health, and other characteristics of the woman and the experience of the doctor and the clinic.
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PMID:[Chemical methods of abortion]. 48 68

A review is made of the clinical use of prostaglandins in obstetrics and gynecology. Second trimester abortions can be induced by the transcervical extraamniotic, transabdominal intraamniotic, or intravenous injection of PGF2 alpha or PGE2. The use of these agents is currently the method of choice for this procedure. Studies have been made of methods of application which will lead to improved effectiveness and of the use of prostaglandins in combination with oxytocin. The use of prostaglandin analogues, which are metabolized more slowly than the natural prostaglandins, provides the advantages of decreased side effects and a decreased need of additional doses. The side effects associated with prostaglandin use include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, heat waves, shivering, headache, dizziness, elevated temperatures, and leucocytosis. The mortality rate reported in a 4-year survey is 10.5/100,000 which compared favorably with the 17.7/100,000 for saline abortions. Prostaglandin gels can be used to soften and dilate the cervix in preparation for an abortion or induction of labor with no undesired side effects and without the use of laminarias. Labor can be induced by the administration of the prostaglandins F2 alpha and E2 either intravenously or, in the case of the latter, orally. Treatment with PGE2 can also continue parturition in cases of secondary insufficiency of labor. Research is currently being conducted in the use of these substances for fertility control.
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PMID:Application of prostaglandins in obstetrics and gynecology. 74 14

Intravaginal insertion of a 10 cm (2) silastic device with a .5% concentration of 15(s)-15-methyl-prostaglandin F2a methyl ester alone successfully induced abortion in 27 of 48 patients in the midtrimester and an additional 11 patients with a concomitant infusion of oxytocin. The mean abortion time for the 38 successful inductions was 15.35 hours. In 8 of the 10 patients who failed to abort even with concomitant oxytocin therapy, abortion was induced by serial im injections of 15-ME-PFG2a; the remaining 2 failures underwent surgical evacuation. The plasma levels of 15-ME-PGF2a methyl ester in the 11 patients studied varied widely over the first 2 hours, maintained at 4 hours, and then dropped sharply at 8 hours and declined over the abortion period in undelivered patients. Vomiting and diarrhea were the most common side effects and in general well tolerated by the patients. However, there was an adverse reaction in a single patient who experienced almost constant nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. The device was removed 1 hour and 50 minutes after insertion and the patient aborted spontaneously 7 hours later. Intravaginal insertion of a sliastic device is an effective means of prostaglandin abortion, but further investigation is required to determine the most effective device which would provide a slow, continuous release of the prostaglandin.
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PMID:The effect of a 10 cm2, 0.5% 15-ME-PGF2alpha methyl ester intravaginal silastic device on abortion and plasma prostaglandin concentration. 85 75

Blood loss and the incidence of emetic sequelae were assessed in 148 patients undergoing midcavity forceps delivery under continuous lumbar extradural analgesia. Five units of oxytocin i.v. was found to be as effective as ergometrine 0.5 mg i.v. in reducing blood loss at delivery. Nausea, retching or vomiting occurred in 35 (46%) of the mothers who received ergometrine and in none of those who received i.v. oxytocin. The cardiovascular side-effects of ergometrine and oxytocin are reviewed and compared with special reference to patients with hypertension and heart disease. It is suggested that 5 units of oxytocin i.v. should be preferred in these high-risk patients. Because of the absence of an emetic action, i.v. oxytocin is preferable to i.v. ergometrine for patients receiving extradural analgesia.
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PMID:Ergometrine, oxytocin and extradural analgesia. 95 92

The efficacy of oral prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) for induction of labor has been compared to that of intravenous oxytocin. There were 49 patients in each series. The over-all success rate with PGE2 is 82 per cent; with oxytocin, 65 per cent. PGE2 is at least as effective as oxytocin regardless of Bishop score or gravidity. There was no difference in the duration of labor in successful inductions with PGE2 or oxytocin. Nausea and diarrhea are more common with PGE2 but in only one case was this severe enough to warrent discontinuing the medication. One case of uterine hypertonus occurred in each series. No serious harmful effects on mother or fetus were noted with PGE2. These data support the concept that oral PGE2 administration is a safe and effective alternative to intravenous oxytocin for induction of labor in normal and high-risk pregnancies.
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PMID:A comparison of oral prostaglandin E2 and intravenous oxytocin for induction of labor in normal and high-risk pregnancies. 98 25

This study determines whether induction of second trimester abortions with intraamniotic prostaglandin F2alpha (PgF2a) could be facilitated by use of intravenous oxytocin, and whether side effects of prostaglandin administration could be minimized by using lower doses of prostaglandin in conjunction with oxytocin. 26 healthy pregnant females aged 16 to 39 years (16 to 26 weeks gestation) were divided into 2 groups: group 1 consisting of 12 patients who had intraamniotic injection of PGF2a 25 mg. followed by additional doses of 5 to 25 mg. injected at intervals of 8 to 10 hours (mean dose, 40.2 mg.), and group 2, consisting of 14 patients who had intravenous infusion of oxytocin 2 hours after intraamniotic injection of 25 mg. PGF2a (mean dose, 28.2 hours). 9 out of 12 patients in group 1 aborted within 36 hours (mean abortion time, 24 hours and 41 minutes) while all patients in group 2 aborted within 28 hours (mean abortion time, 15 hours and 37 minutes). Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea occured in 9 group 1 patients while 2 patients in group vomited. There were no significant changes in blood pressure, heart rate, respiration or metabolic parameters. This study shows that under carefully controlled conditions, administration of intravenous infusion of oxytocin following intraamniotic administration of PgF2a shortens injection to abortion time.
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PMID:Mid-trimester abortion with intra-amniotic prostaglandin F2 alpha and intravenous oxytocin infusion. 113 39

Human urine samples, purified on octadecasilyl-silica cartridges, contained immunoreactive angiotensin I, II, arginine vasopressin and oxytocin. The daily excretion of these peptides in healthy volunteers was 190.00 +/- 38.43 (n = 12), 17.48 +/- 3.09 (n = 12), 63.43 +/- 14.84 (n = 8) and 13.52 +/- 1.42 (n = 7) pmol/24 hr, respectively (mean +/- s.e.m.). Patients with a history of anaphylactoid reactions to drugs or food additives showed clinical symptoms such as urticaria, flush, nausea, dizziness and hypotension after oral provocation with cyanocobalamine, propyphenazone, acetylsalicylic acid and sodium benzoate. In five of the seven patients, angiotensin I and II were increased several fold in the urine fractions after symptoms were reported. The average increase in the urine concentration of both peptides was fourfold and 5.5-fold. In three out of five patients, the mean excretion of arginine vasopressin and oxytocin immunoreactive material was also elevated by a factor of 5.7 and 4.4, respectively. Oral provocation with a placebo failed to elicit anaphylactoid symptoms or an increase in the urine levels of angiotensin I or angiotensin II. Angiotensin I and angiotensin II-like immunoreactivity could be characterized on HPLC as Ile5-angiotensin I, Ile5-angiotensin II and angiotensin II metabolites. HPLC characterization of immunoreactive arginine vasopressin and oxytocin in two different gradient systems showed retention times different than the retention times of the corresponding synthetic standard peptides indicating that both peptides are not authentic AVP and OXT. These results suggest that angiotensin I and angiotensin II may be involved in the clinical events observed during some forms of anaphylactoid reactions.
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PMID:Urinary excretion of angiotensin I, II, arginine vasopressin and oxytocin in patients with anaphylactoid reactions. 142 42

Hunger and satiety appear to reflect the postabsorptive and absorptive phases of caloric homeostasis, respectively. However, only some of the signals that inhibit food intake can be related to caloric homeostasis. For example, decreases in food intake also are observed after administration of nauseogenic chemical agents, treatment with cholecystokinin (CCK), or dehydration. In each case, inhibition of food intake is correlated with induced decreases in gastric motility and increases in secretion of pituitary oxytocin in rats; in primates, including humans, vasopressin but not oxytocin is secreted. In contrast, meal-induced satiety increases gastric contractions and has little or no effect on neurohypophyseal hormone secretion in rats or human subjects. Nauseogenic toxins, CCK, and dehydration stimulate very different subjective states from satiety: LiCl elicits abdominal cramps, nausea, and vomiting, as does exogenous CCK in high doses, whereas dehydration elicits thirst. Thus, inhibition of eating may not be associated with satiety or reflect changes in caloric flux; noncaloric controls of food intake exist and may be accompanied by distinctive increases in neurohypophyseal hormone secretion and loss of gastric function.
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PMID:Caloric and noncaloric controls of food intake. 195 22

Magnocellular neurons synthesize vasopressin (VP) or oxytocin (OT) and release these hormones preferentially from the neural lobe during physiological stimulation. In the rat, VP is secreted preferentially during dehydration and hemorrhage, whereas OT is released without VP by suckling, parturition, stress, and nausea. Vasopressinergic neurons also synthesize and release dynorphin-related peptides--alpha- and beta-neoendorphin, dynorphin A (1-8) or (1-17), dynorphin B--which are agonists selective for kappa opiate receptors in the neural lobe. We proposed that one mechanism for preferential secretion of neurohypophysial hormones is that a dynorphin-related peptide(s) coreleased with VP inhibits selectively OT secretion from magnocellular neurons. We tested this hypothesis in conscious adult male Sprague-Dawley rats which were stimulated by either hypertonic saline administered intraperitoneally (2.5%, 20 ml/kg) or subcutaneously (1 M, 15 ml/kg) or by 24 h of water deprivation. Two approaches were used: (1) dynorphin-related peptides (0.02-20.4 mM) were injected intracerebroventricularly 1 min before decapitating the animal, and (2) the action of endogenous opioid peptides was blocked by injecting subcutaneously or intracerebroventricularly either naloxone or a selective kappa receptor antagonist, Mr 2266 or nor-binaltorphimine. VP and OT were measured by radioimmunoassay. After 24 h of water deprivation, the elevation in plasma [OT] but not [VP] was attenuated (p less than 0.05) by alpha-neoendorphin. Dynorphin A (1-8) also inhibited the release of OT and not VP after intraperitoneal administration of hypertonic saline. Blocking the action of endogenous opioid peptides at kappa receptors with Mr 2266 given peripherally (s.c.) elevated plasma [OT] but not [VP] after stimulation with hypertonic saline administered intraperitoneally or subcutaneously.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Kappa opiate receptors inhibit release of oxytocin from the magnocellular system during dehydration. 197 12

A concentrated oxytocin infusion and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) vaginal suppositories were compared in a retrospective analysis for indicated abortion in the mid-second trimester (17-24 weeks' gestation). Eighty-one women underwent second-trimester pregnancy termination, 59 by PGE2 suppositories and 22 by concentrated oxytocin infusion. Success was achieved by PGE2 in 93% (55 of 59) and oxytocin in 91% (20 of 22). The mean duration of labor was 13.1 hours with PGE2 and 8.2 hours with oxytocin. The mean dose of PGE2 was 65.2 mg; of oxytocin, 200 units. Women who received PGE2 experienced nausea (46%), vomiting (37%), fever (64%), and diarrhea (20%) despite appropriate premedication. Few side effects occurred in the women who were treated with oxytocin. We conclude that concentrated oxytocin infusion seems to be a reasonable alternative to PGE2 vaginal suppositories for induction of labor in the mid-second trimester.
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PMID:Mid-second-trimester labor induction: concentrated oxytocin compared with prostaglandin E2 vaginal suppositories. 198 97


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