Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P01178 (oxytocin)
 15,767 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A series of 100 consecutive patients seeking pregnancy termination in pregnancy weeks 7-20 were treated with a schedule of 20-mg vaginal suppositories containing prostaglandin E2 (PGE2); the schedule was being tested for its efficacy, specifically reduction of total dose and related side effects. 94 of the 100 patients were aborted within an arbitrary time span of 36 hours. Total drug dose ranged from 40-160 mg. 31 patients received augmentative intravenous oxytocin. Induction-abortion interval varied from 6-32.5 hours. Of the 97 successes, 76 were classified as complete abortions. No significant differences were noted in midtrimester groups based on increasing parity, although parous patients in gestation week 13-15 seemed to have the best results, based on average interval time. No sepsis or need for transfusion was encountered. Side effects were emesis (n-75), diarrhea (n=17), and drug fever (n=66); less frequent side effects included headache, breast tenderness, and vasomotor symptoms (n=13, 1, and 1, respectively). The midtrimester patient results compared favorably with results of studies using saline for abortifacient. The number of first trimester patients was too small to yield any conclusion.
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PMID:Vaginally administered prostaglandin E2 as a first and second trimester abortifacient. 111 58

This study determines whether induction of second trimester abortions with intraamniotic prostaglandin F2alpha (PgF2a) could be facilitated by use of intravenous oxytocin, and whether side effects of prostaglandin administration could be minimized by using lower doses of prostaglandin in conjunction with oxytocin. 26 healthy pregnant females aged 16 to 39 years (16 to 26 weeks gestation) were divided into 2 groups: group 1 consisting of 12 patients who had intraamniotic injection of PGF2a 25 mg. followed by additional doses of 5 to 25 mg. injected at intervals of 8 to 10 hours (mean dose, 40.2 mg.), and group 2, consisting of 14 patients who had intravenous infusion of oxytocin 2 hours after intraamniotic injection of 25 mg. PGF2a (mean dose, 28.2 hours). 9 out of 12 patients in group 1 aborted within 36 hours (mean abortion time, 24 hours and 41 minutes) while all patients in group 2 aborted within 28 hours (mean abortion time, 15 hours and 37 minutes). Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea occured in 9 group 1 patients while 2 patients in group vomited. There were no significant changes in blood pressure, heart rate, respiration or metabolic parameters. This study shows that under carefully controlled conditions, administration of intravenous infusion of oxytocin following intraamniotic administration of PgF2a shortens injection to abortion time.
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PMID:Mid-trimester abortion with intra-amniotic prostaglandin F2 alpha and intravenous oxytocin infusion. 113 39

It has been reported that intra-amniotic administration of 15-methyl PGF2a (prostaglandin F2alpha) for abortion results in a high level of uterine contractility, a high rate of success, and a low incidence of side effects. This study assesses the abortifacient activity of 15-methyl PGF2alpha administered intramuscularly in 80 healthy women aged 14 to 40 with gestational ages between 8 and 22 weeks. 56 patients were nulliparious. Transabdominal intra-amniotic pressure monitoring was used to measure uterine contractility and to establish an effective dose schedule. 350 to 520 mcg of 15-methyl PGF2a were administered intramuscularly at 2-hour intervals until the onset of abortion. Intravenous oxytocin was infused in 6 cases to facilitate passage of retained placental tissue. Medications were given to reduce diarrhea, vomiting, and pain. All patients aborted. Total drug dose ranged from 900 to 8400 mcg; mean dose was 3254.32 mcg. Duration of treatment ranged from 4 to 34 hours. Induction-abortion time ranged from 5.5 to 35 hours, with mean interval of 15.70 hours. 89% of the patients experienced gastrointestinal side effects. 14 patients had temperature elevation more than or equal to 100.6 degrees F. There were no significant complications. The 15-methyl PGF2a patients were matched with 80 gravidas who had abortion using PGE2 20 mg vaginal suppositories. There were no statistical differences in interval to abortion between the 2 groups.
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PMID:Interruption of pregnancy by prostaglandin 15-methyl F2alpha. 114

Schulman et al reported reduction in interval-abortion time and decreased side effects when prostaglandin (PG) E2 vaginal suppositories were administered within a contraceptive diaphragm. The authors conducted a study to confirm Schulman et al' finding. 2 groups of 20 patients with gestational ages ranging from 13 to 20 weeks were matched. 1 group (non-diaphragm) had a 20 mg. suppository inserted every 4 hours high in the vaginal fornix. The other group (diaphragm) had a contraceptive diaphragm containing the suppository inserted at 4-hour intervals. The authors' protocol differed from that of Schulman's in that oxytocin sensitivity was not sought and PGE2 alone was used. Oxytocin, however, was used to promote placental expulsion following fetal delivery in 4 cases. There were no statistically significant differences observed between the groups with respect to total drug dose (84 mg. for diaphragm group and 80 mg. for non-diaphragm), abortion-interval time (15.2 hours vs. 14.3 respectively), or frequency of side effects (vomiting, diarrhea). Schulman's reduced side effects may have followed the decreased absorption rate of PGE2 and avoidance of plasma peaks secondary to reduction in drug-mucosal interface. Schulman also reported onset of uterine activity in the diaphragm group (mean, 41 minutes) versus the control group's mean of 79.4 minutes. There is no known physiologic explanation for such findings.
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PMID:Letter: PGE2 as a vaginal abortifacient - diaphragm effect. 119 86

Obstetrician/gynecologists compared the efficacy, side effects, and complications of the 3-hour regimen of 1 mg gemeprost for inducing abortion with those of the 6-hour regimen of 1 mg gemeprost in 100 women of at least 16 years of age and of 12-18 weeks gestational age at the Simpson Memorial Maternity Pavilion in Edinburgh, Scotland. The 3-hour regimen decreased the induction-abortion interval by 1 hour (15.9 vs. 16.9), but this reduction was insignificant. All 50 women who received gemeprost vaginal pessaries every 3 hours aborted within 48 hours, while 10% who received them every 6 hours did not abort. The cumulative abortion rate at 24 hours was essentially the same for both groups (88% vs. 82%). Women who expelled the conceptus within 24 hours, and on the 6-hour regimen, required considerably fewer pessaries than those on the 3-hour regimen (median 3 vs. 5; p .01). Multiparous women needed fewer pessaries than did primiparous women, but the difference was not significant. Further, women in the 6-hour gemeprost group required significantly fewer pessaries than those in the 3-hour group (p .01). Women in the 3-hour group were just as likely as those in the 6-hour group to experience diarrhea (0.7 vs. 0.98), vomiting (0.7 vs. 0.6), or ask for pain killers (0.9 vs. 1.1). Women in the 3-hour group were twice as likely to retain the placenta than those in the 6-hour group (40% vs. 20%; p .05). Considerably more women in the 6-hour group needed intravenous oxytocin to induce abortion (16% vs. 4%; p .05). These results suggested that physicians should administer gemeprost pessaries every 6 hours within the first 24 hours as a clinically efficacious and cost-efficacious and cost-effective means to induce abortion.
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PMID:An open study comparing two regimens of gemeprost for the termination of pregnancy in the second trimester. 131 41

The author relates her experience in Benin during a 3 and 1/2 year tenure as a nurse under the aegis of the German Development Agency. In Malanville, she was responsible for starting the operating room, caring for hygiene, sterility, and the related training of domestic staff. A septic and aseptic operating room was set up along with a storage room for instruments, a sterilization room, and a changing room. For the operating and surgical station, the following personnel were available: 2 nurses with 3 years of training, 1 nurse with 2 years of training, and 3 orderlies without training. A nurse with 3 years of training was assigned to the author to carry on the project after her departure. The standard of operating care was very low. It took a month to teach the staff what was not sterile. There was a even problem with putting on sterile gloves which required an exercise in patience. There were an average of 5 relatives per patient taking care of the patient and cooking. The undernutrition center for infants had 6 beds with 2 German nurses who administered Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), diphtheria, polio, and tetanus vaccinations. Their activity was strengthened by nutrition counselling and plans for underweight and malnourished children. Abrupt weaning that resulted in harmful diarrhea and vomiting was prevalent. Clinical signs of marasmus and kwashiorkor were frequent. In the middle of 1990, AIDS educators informed students of the public school as well as registered prostitutes about condom use. In the hospital, there were about 900 births per year, and women were asked to follow recommendations for prenatal care, especially to achieve anemia prevention by getting iron tablets. They were urged to deliver in the clinic, not at home assisted by untrained midwives. Oxytocin and syntometrin were available as was a hand-driven, vacuum evacuation pump. This experience made a lasting impression on the author who has resolved to go to another developing country to train traditional birth attendants in midwifery.
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PMID:[In Africa as a nurse]. 161 98

A retrospective study of 932 second trimester terminations between 12-27 weeks gestation was carried out to determine the efficacy of gemeprost for second trimester termination. A single course of 5 x 1 mg gemeprost pessaries was administered every three hours. If abortion had not occurred after the first course of pessaries, a further course of 5 x 1 mg pessaries was administered. Intravenous oxytocin was administered after 36 hours if abortion had not occurred. Eighty per cent and ninety five per cent of patients aborted within 24 and 48 hours respectively. Of the remaining 5 per cent of women, 3 per cent aborted with escalating doses of oxytocin. In the remaining 18 (2 per cent) women, the pregnancies were electively terminated with an alternative method. The median induction-abortion interval was 18.0 hours and 15.0 hours in nulliparous and parous women respectively (P less than 0.0001). The number of pessaries required to induce abortion was not influenced by parity. Significantly more parous women bled more than 500 ml. The incidence of pelvic sepsis (0.1 per cent) and cervical tear (0.1 per cent) was low. Twenty six per cent of women had diarrhoea and 23 per cent vomited following administration of prostaglandin. This study confirmed the efficacy of gemeprost for second trimester termination of pregnancy. This method of termination is safe, non-invasive, simple and has a low complication rate.
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PMID:A retrospective study of 932 second trimester terminations using gemeprost (16,16 dimethyl-trans delta 2 PGE1 methyl ester). 164 4

Over a period of two years, a total of 22 full term foals from Welsh Mountain pony mares were raised in conditions that were free from infection by Equid herpesvirus (EHV-1/4). Parturition dates were predicted by monitoring colostrum electrolytes, and the mares allowed to foal naturally under supervision or following induction with intravenous oxytocin. Immediately following birth, foals were separated from their dams and transferred to a specially built, positive pressure isolation unit. They were given antibiotic prophylaxis and fed bovine colostrum during the first 24 h, and then mare's milk replacer until weaned. Out of 22 specific pathogen free (SPF) foals one that had not been given antibiotic prophylaxis died of an E. coli septicaemia aged eight days. Two foals developed a streptococcal upper respiratory tract infection, which responded to antibiotic therapy and did not spread to the rest of the herd. A self limiting upper respiratory tract infection was seen in a fourth foal and mild diarrhoea was observed in six foals. Physical development in all SPF foals appeared normal and behavioural patterns resembled those of conventional handreared foals. Newborn foals were held in a separate quarantine area, within the isolation unit, and checked extensively for evidence of EHV-1/4 infection, before being transferred to the main holding unit. Periodic checks were then made for EHV-1/4 over a period ranging from 2 to 4 months; none of the SPF foals showed evidence of infection with EHV-1/4 in terms of clinical disease, virus isolation, sero-conversion or specific lymphocyte transformation.
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PMID:The raising of equine colostrum-deprived foals; maintenance and assessment of specific pathogen (EHV-1/4) free status. 204 13

A concentrated oxytocin infusion and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) vaginal suppositories were compared in a retrospective analysis for indicated abortion in the mid-second trimester (17-24 weeks' gestation). Eighty-one women underwent second-trimester pregnancy termination, 59 by PGE2 suppositories and 22 by concentrated oxytocin infusion. Success was achieved by PGE2 in 93% (55 of 59) and oxytocin in 91% (20 of 22). The mean duration of labor was 13.1 hours with PGE2 and 8.2 hours with oxytocin. The mean dose of PGE2 was 65.2 mg; of oxytocin, 200 units. Women who received PGE2 experienced nausea (46%), vomiting (37%), fever (64%), and diarrhea (20%) despite appropriate premedication. Few side effects occurred in the women who were treated with oxytocin. We conclude that concentrated oxytocin infusion seems to be a reasonable alternative to PGE2 vaginal suppositories for induction of labor in the mid-second trimester.
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PMID:Mid-second-trimester labor induction: concentrated oxytocin compared with prostaglandin E2 vaginal suppositories. 198 97

Gemeprost vaginal suppositories (16,16-dimethyl-PGE1 methyl ester) were compared with intraamniotic Pgf2alpha in 20% saline after Dilapan tents for termination of 14-16 week pregnancies in 58 women. After randomization there were 44% multigravidae in the Gemeprost group and 58% in the Pgf2alpha-saline-Dilapan group; the Gemeprost group averaged 23.4 years, the Pgf2alpha group 26.2%. Gemeprost 1 mg vaginal pessaries were inserted at 3 hr intervals for a maximum of 5 doses. Pgf2alpha 20 mg in 40 ml 20% NaCl was injected intraamniotically under ultrasonic control immediately after Dilapan was inserted in the cervix. If abortion had not occurred within 24 hours, management by iv oxytocin, iv Pgf2alpha, intraamniotic Pgf2alpha or saline or both was at the physician's discretion, as was post-abortion treatment with oxytocin, ergometric or surgical evacuation of the placenta if not delivered within 2 hours. Successful abortion, defined as induction abortion intervals of 24 hours, occurred in 58% of the Gemeprost group and 90% of the PG-saline group, for mean induction-abortion intervals of 12.6 and 11.7 hours. 6 more Gemeprost patients aborted within 27.8 hours without additional treatment, while the last 2 patients to deliver took 42 and 50 hours, compared to a 32-hour maximum interval for PG-saline patients. Much of the difference in intervals was accounted for by primigravidas, who took 15.84 hours on average with Gemeprost, compared to 13.7 hours with PG-saline. Gastrointestinal side effects were more common in the Gemeprost group: diarrhea in 58% and vomiting in 62%, compared to 7% with diarrhea and 34% with vomiting in the PG-saline group. Retained placenta, hemorrhage 300 ml and pain requiring narcotics were similar in both series. The outcomes in terms of induction-abortion intervals were not significantly different. Gemeprost was considered the agent of choice, since it is not invasive, and avoids the risk of sudden collapse or death, intrauterine infection, saline intoxication or clotting disorders, which occur on rare occasions in Pgf2alpha- or saline-induced midtrimester abortions.
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PMID:Second-trimester termination with 16,16 dimethyl-PGE1-methyl ester (gemeprost), compared with a regimen that included intra-amniotic PGF2 alpha and hypertonic saline. 207 46


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