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Query: UNIPROT:P01178 (oxytocin)
 15,767 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Mating has been shown in many species to provoke the release of oxytocin (OT). In our study, various stimuli were applied to mares to study release of OT and prostaglandin F(2alpha) (PGF(2alpha)) associated with mating. Blood samples were collected from mares around the time of teasing both in oestrus and dioestrus and at mating. For comparison, blood samples were also collected at the time of manual manipulation of the genital tract and after intrauterine infusion of 500 ml phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Additional samples were collected 16 to 18 h after mating. Mating caused a significant increase in OT in all mares and teasing caused a significant OT response in 6 of 10 oestrous and 3 of 5 dioestrous mares. However, mating and teasing had no significant effect on concentrations of 15-keto-13,14-dihydro-PGF(2alpha) (PGFM). Manual manipulation of the clitoris, vagina and cervix caused significant OT release in all mares and intrauterine infusion of 500 ml PBS caused significant OT release in three of the five mares. However, only one mare had a significant PGF(2alpha) response during manual manipulation and only one responded positively to intrauterine infusion of 500 ml PBS. We concluded that events around mating, including stimulation of the genital tract and uterine distension, often caused an increase in circulating concentrations of OT but only rarely in PGFM.
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PMID:Release of oxytocin and prostaglandin f(2alpha) around teasing, natural service and associated events in the mare. 1096 43

To determine the effect of dose and day of oxytocin treatment on intrauterine pressure, 6 normal mares were treated with 10 or 25 IU oxytocin 2 days before ovulation, on the day of ovulation and 2 days after ovulation. Intrauterine pressure (IUP) was measured using micro-tip-catheters (one placed intrauterine, a second and third serving as reference sensors in the vagina and external to the mare) and transmitted by telemetry for 30 min to establish a baseline before saline was administered, iv, and for an additional 30 min after saline administration. Oxytocin was then given, iv, and IUP was recorded for 60 min. No change in IUP was observed after saline injection. The administration of both 10 (n=16) and 25 (n=10) IU oxytocin induced a response (P<0.01). The intensity of response depended on the day of administration (P<0.01) and the dose of oxytocin (P<0.001). The variation of response was significantly greater after 10 IU oxytocin (CV 15.78%) compared with 25 IU oxytocin (CV 6.42%). The uterine response was greatest on Day 2 prior to ovulation and lowest on Day 2 after ovulation. The response was negatively correlated to increasing plasma progesterone (10 IU oxytocin: r = -0.435, 25 IU oxytocin: r = -0.265). There was no correlation between the uterine response and plasma estradiol-17beta concentration (P<0.01). In conclusion the results of this study show that oxytocin administration to mares before ovulation provides a greater response than after ovulation. A decline in the intensity of response after ovulation can be compensated for with a higher dose of oxytocin. Furthermore, the use of the multiple catheter technique is an effective method for assessing changes in uterine pressure.
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PMID:Effect of dose and day of treatment on uterine response to oxytocin in mares. 1105 27

Eighty late pregnancy women were randomized into two groups. Misoprostol group and oxytocin group. We observed the different effects of misoprostol and oxytocin on induction, the different effects of misoprostol on induction which was given through rectum or through vagina. The results indicate that the rate of successful induction in misoprostol group is higher than that of oxytocin group, the rate of caesarean section in misoprostol group is lower than that of oxytocin group. There was no significant difference in the durations of misoprostol which was given through rectum or through vagina on induction. It is suggested that misoprostol is more effective on induction than that of oxytocin. We can choose misoprostol given through rectum to prompt delivery in conditions such as premature rupture of membranes and vaginitis.
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PMID:[Clinical observation of misoprostol on induction in late pregnancy]. 1193 91

Only little is known as to the significance of the cyclic nucleotide-mediated signal transduction in the control of the function of human vaginal smooth musculature. Recently, the presence of the phosphodiesterase (PDE) isoenzymes 4 (cAMP-PDE) and 5 (cGMP-PDE) in the human vagina was reported. Thus, it was the aim of the study to elucidate the effects of some PDE inhibitors on the tension induced by endothelin 1 (ET-1), as well as on levels of cGMP and cAMP in isolated human vaginal wall tissue. Using the organ bath technique, the ability of norepinephrine (NE), carbachol, serotonin (5-HT), oxytocin and ET-1 to contract isolated vaginal wall muscle strips was evaluated. In another set-up, the effects of the PDE4 inhibitor rolipram and PDE5 inhibitors sildenafil and vardenafil (1 nM-10 microM) on the tension induced by 0.1 microM ET-1 of human vaginal wall tissue strips were investigated. In order to measure drug effects on tissue levels of cGMP and cAMP, vaginal tissue was exposed to different concentrations (0.1, 1 and 10 microM) of the compounds and the accumulation of cyclic nucleotides was determined. The adenylyl cyclase stimulating agents forskolin and nitric oxide donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) (0.01, 0.1 and 1 microM) were used as reference compounds. While NE, carbachol and oxytocin failed to contract the vaginal tissue, ET-1 and, to a certain degree, 5-HT elicited contractile responses of the isolated strip preparations. The tension induced by 0.1 microM ET-1 was dose-dependently reversed by the drugs. The rank order of efficacy was sildenafil > forskolin > rolipram >or= vardenafil > SNP. Rmax values ranged from 24% (SNP) to 50% (sildenafil). With sildenafil being the only exception, none of the compounds reached an EC50 value. The relaxing effects of the drugs were paralleled by a fourfold to tenfold increase in tissue levels of cGMP and/or cAMP. Our results demonstrate that PDE inhibitors can relax human vaginal tissue and increase levels of cyclic nucleoside monophosphates. The findings with regard to the PDE5 inhibitors may indicate that the NO-cGMP pathway is, to a certain degree, involved in the control of vaginal smooth muscle tone. This might be of significance with regard to the pharmacological treatment of disorders connected with female sexual arousal and the ability to achieve orgasm.
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PMID:In vitro functional responses of isolated human vaginal tissue to selective phosphodiesterase inhibitors. 1627 19

Rhythmic peristaltic contractions of the muscular wall of the non-pregnant uterus, as well as rapid sperm transport from the vagina to the Fallopian tubes, have long been documented by means of vaginal sonography and hysterosalpingoscintigraphy. Uterine peristaltic activity reaches a maximum before ovulation and is controlled via oestradiol secretion from the dominant follicle systemically and into the utero-ovarian countercurrent system; it is also enhanced by oxytocin. In this study, the effect of oxytocin and its receptor antagonist atosiban on uterine peristalsis and thus directed sperm transport during the mid and late follicular phases was examined. Atosiban did not show any effect either on frequency or on pattern of the peristaltic contractions. However, oxytocin significantly increased the rapid and directed transport of radiolabelled particles representing spermatozoa from the vagina into the Fallopian tube ipsilateral to the site of the dominant follicle (P = 0.02, 0.04 and 0.02 after 1, 16 and 32 min of documentation respectively). It seems reasonable to assume that oxytocin plays an important, although not critical, role in the mechanisms governing rapid sperm ascension that, at least in humans, were developed to rapidly preserve an aliquot of spermatozoa following intercourse.
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PMID:Oxytocin--a stimulator of directed sperm transport in humans. 1720 29

The uterus and fallopian tubes represent a functionally united peristaltic pump under the endocrine control of ipsilateral ovary. We have examined this function by using hysterosalpingoscintigraphy (HSS), recording of intrauterine pressure, electrohysterography, and Doppler sonography of the fallopian tubes. An uptake of labeled particles into the uterus was observed during the follicular and luteal phases of the cycle after application into the vagina. Transport into the oviducts, however, could only be demonstrated during the follicular phase. Furthermore, the predominant transport was into the tube ipsilateral to the ovary containing the dominant follicle. The pregnancy rate following spontaneous intercourse or insemination was higher in those women in whom ipsilateral transport could be demonstrated. The amount of material transported to the ipsilateral tube was increased after oxytocin administration, as demonstrated by radionuclide imaging and by Doppler sonography following instillation of ultrasound contrast medium. An increase in the basal tone and amplitude of contractions was observed after oxytocin administration. These results support the idea that the uterus and fallopian tubes act as a peristaltic pump, which increases transport of sperm into the oviduct ipsilateral to the ovary bearing the dominant follicle. Oxytocin appears to play a critical role in this peristaltic pump. A failure of the peristaltic mechanism is possibly responsible for infertility. We propose the term tubal transport disorder (TTD) as a nosological entity. Results from HSS could be a useful adjunct for choosing treatment modalities in patients with patent fallopian tubes suffering from infertility. These patients may be better served with in vitro fertilization (IVF).
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PMID:Physiology of upward transport in the human female genital tract. 1741 25

Postpartum hemorrhage is defined by bleeding > 500 mL through the vagina. It is one of the obstetrical complications that obstetricians fear most. It is the leading cause of maternal mortality in the world, especially in developing countries. The reference treatments in France are parenteral oxytocin and sulprostone. Sulprostone involves sometimes fatal side effects, and must be administered only in appropriate health care facilities. It also has the major disadvantage of requiring refrigeration. Misoprostol has uterotonic properties that have led to its occasional off-label use in the treatment of postpartum hemorrhage, by rectal or sublingual administration, as an alternative to sulprostone. A careful review of the literature on this particular use of misoprostol is essential.
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PMID:[Misoprostol for treating postpartum hemorrhages]. 1764 41

We conducted a retrospective study of the management and outcome for eclampsia patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) of National hospital, Abuja between November 2001 and April 2005 (42 months). The patients' case files and ICU records were used to extract the necessary data. During the study period, there were a total of 4857 deliveries, with 5051 total births (including multiple births) and 4854 live births. Forty eclamptics were admitted to the ICU, giving an ICU admission rate of 8.2/1000 live births. The records of two patients were incomplete. The average age of the patients was 28.4 years (range 17-4 years). Six patients (15.8%) were booked and 32 (84.2%) were not. The average duration of stay in ICU was 5 days. Twenty patients (52.6%) had antepartum eclampsia, 12 (31.6%) had postpartum eclampsia and six (15.8%) presented with intrapartum eclampsia. Twenty-nine (76.3%) gave birth via caesarean section and nine (23.7%) delivered per vagina augmented by oxytocin infusion. Seventeen (45%) received mechanical ventilation; 20 (53%) received oxygen via nasal prongs, nasal catheters or variable performance facemask. One patient (2%) did not receive oxygen therapy. All the patients were admitted postpartum. There were 11 maternal deaths, giving a case fatality rate of 29%. There were five (45.4%) deaths due to haemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and low platelet count syndrome and two (18.2%) due to disseminated intravascular coagulation. The remaining deaths were due to cerebrovascular accident (9.1%), lobar pneumonia (9.1%), acute renal failure (9.1%) and multiple organ failure (9.1%). All patients were admitted postpartum. This fatality rate is higher than that detailed in the reports reviewed in this study. Early referral of eclamptics or at risk patients to a tertiary care institution may help reduce morbidity and mortality. In addition, early referral to a facility providing basic essential obstetric care or comprehensive essential obstetric care is also important. Another important factor is the correct diagnosis of pre-eclampsia during antenatal and postpartum care by screening, noting blood pressure levels, performing urinalysis for protein and asking about warning signs such as headache, blurred vision, epigastric pain, etc.
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PMID:Critical care management of eclamptics: challenges in an African setting. 1830 51

Major obstetric hemorrhage remains the leading cause of maternal mortality and morbidity worldwide, and is associated with a high rate of substandard care. A well-defined and multidisciplinary approach that aims to act quickly and avoid omissions or conflicting strategies is key. The most common etiologies of hemorrhage are abruptio placenta, placenta previa/accreta, uterine rupture in the antepartum period and retained placenta, uterine atony, and genital-tract trauma in the postpartum period. Basic treatment of postpartum hemorrhage relies on manual removal of the placenta or manual exploration of the uterus plus bladder emptying and oxytocin administration. If this does not arrest bleeding, or if there is any suspicion of genital-tract trauma, examination of the vagina and cervix with appropriate valves and analgesia/anesthesia must follow quickly. Postpartum uterine atony resistant to oxytocin must be treated with prostaglandin within 15 to 30 minutes; uterine balloon tamponade can be also useful at this stage. Aggressive transfusion therapy and resuscitation are mandatory in major obstetric hemorrhage. Specific invasive treatment must be considered within no more than 30 to 60 minutes, if previous measures have failed -- and even earlier in some particular etiologies. The two main options are radiologic embolization and surgical artery ligations. Recombinant factor VIIa may also be considered, but should not delay the performance of a life-saving procedure such as embolization or surgery. Hysterectomy must be implemented when all other interventions have failed.
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PMID:Major obstetric hemorrhage. 1831 79

The incidence and importance of retained placenta (RP) varies greatly around the world. In less developed countries, it affects about 0.1% of deliveries but has up to 10% case fatality rate. In more developed countries, it is more common (about 3% of vaginal deliveries) but very rarely associated with mortality. There are three main types of retained placenta following the vagina delivery: placenta adherens (when there is failed contraction of the myometrium behind the placenta), trapped placenta (a detached placenta trapped behind a closed cervix) and partial accreta (when there is a small area of accreta preventing detachment). All can be treated by manual removal of placenta, which should be carried out at 30-60 minutes postpartum. Medical management is also an option for placenta adherens and trapped placenta. The need for manual removal can be reduced by 20% by the use of intraumbilical oxytocin (30 i.u. in 30 mL saline). A trapped placenta may respond to glyceryl trinitrate (500 mcg sublingually) or gentle, persistent, controlled cord traction.
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PMID:The retained placenta. 1879 76


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