Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P01178 (oxytocin)
 15,767 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Both as the result of liver disease and of alcoholism per se, chronic alcoholics develop infertility, sterility, gonadal atrophy, hypoandrogenization, and feminization. The hypothalamic-pituitary abnormalities associated with alcoholism include hyperprolactenemia-increased estrogen-stimulated neurophysin levels, suppressed secretion of plasma gonadotropins, and loss of gonadotropin reserve. Several of the possible mechanisms potentially responsible for the development of these endocrine abnormalities have been discussed. The rational for suspecting that alcohol might interfere with either vitamin A metabolism of alter the redox state of the testes, thus affecting germ cell proliferation and steroidogenesis, has been presented. A possible mechanism for the sexual changes observed in chronic alcoholic men has been proposed. Much work remains to be done in this area before a complete understanding of the pathogenesis of these phenomena is obtained. The omission of any consideration of the effects of alcohol on sexual function in women is an admission of gross ignorance greatly in need of rectification. The necessity for couching a description of even the natural history of the syndrome in alcoholic men in conditional terms is a reflection of the limited state of the art. Nevertheless, it behooves the gastroenterologist, who is frequently called upon to be the primary physician for alcoholic men, to keep abreast of the nongastrointestinal medical consequences of alcohol addiction so that they can be recognized early and incorporated into long range medical planning designed to care for the chronic alcoholic patient.
 ...
PMID:Alcoholism: its effect on hypothalamic pituitary gonadal function. 78 Jan 84

Postpartum infertility is caused by four factors: general infertility, lack of uterine involution, short estrous cycles and anestrus. The general infertility component is common to any estrous cycle and reduces potential fertility by 20 to 30%. Incomplete uterine involution prevents fertilization during the first 20 d after calving but is not related to anestrus. Short estrous cycles prevent fertility during the first 40 d after calving by causing the cow to return to estrus before pregnancy recognition occurs. Anestrus is the major component of postpartum infertility and is affected by several minor factors: season, breed, parity, dystocia, presence of a bull, uterine palpation and carryover effects from the previous pregnancy as well as two major factors: suckling and nutrition. These major factors have direct effects on anestrus but also interact with one or more other factors to control postpartum anestrus. Physiological mechanisms associated with anestrus involve blockage of the GnRH "pulse generator" in the hypothalamus, but other pathways also must be involved because bypassing the pulse generator is not an effective treatment for all cows. The primary cause of anestrus probably is different for different stages of anestrus. The mediating mechanisms for anestrus are not involved with prolactin, oxytocin, the adrenal or direct neural input from the mammary gland but are at least partially involved with blood glucose and the endogenous opioid peptide system. Management options to decrease the impact of anestrus and infertility include: 1) restrict breeding season to less than or equal to 45 d; 2) manage nutrition so body condition score is 5 to 7 before calving; 3) minimize effects of dystocia and stimulate estrous activity with a sterile bull and estrous synchronization; and 4) judicious use of complete, partial or short-term weaning.
 ...
PMID:Physiological mechanisms controlling anestrus and infertility in postpartum beef cattle. 218 Aug 77

Adult male rats were treated with ethane dimethanesulphonate (EDS) to destroy the Leydig cells and were then supplemented for 3-10 weeks with testosterone esters (TE) by injection every 3 days. The latter treatment prevented Leydig cell regeneration but maintained quantitatively the androgen-dependent aspects of spermatogenesis, as judged by germ cell counts at stage VII of the spermatogenic cycle. Other than the absence of Leydig cells, the testes of EDS-treated, TE-supplemented rats showed only two morphological changes, (1) the appearance of mast cells throughout the interstitium, and (2) a 3- to 4-fold increase in the number of degenerating germ cells (secondary spermatocytes) at stages XIV-I; this was reflected in a significant decrease in the ratio of spermatids to pachytene spermatocytes at stage VII. These changes were not observed in either oil-treated or TE-treated control rats although similar, but less marked, changes in cell degeneration at stages XIV-I were observed in rats actively immunized against oxytocin. Epididymal sperm number was reduced marginally (approximately 15%) in EDS-treated, TE-supplemented rats while sperm motility was affected even less. In a serial mating trial, some of these treated rats showed evidence of subfertility/infertility, but this was mostly transient and may have been the result of epididymal effects of EDS. These results suggest that Leydig cell products other than testosterone are not essential for maintenance of spermatogenesis and fertility in rats, although because of increased germ cell degeneration during the final stages of meiosis (perhaps as the result of oxytocin withdrawal), a small reduction in sperm count may occur.
 ...
PMID:Assessment of the role of Leydig cell products other than testosterone in spermatogenesis and fertility in adult rats. 285 Sep 97

A report is presented classifying complications which resulted in 1970 from 436 legal abortions performed by vacuum aspiration in conjunction with iv oxytocin infusion. 39% were pregnant for the 1st time, and 26% had undergone a previous abortion. The overall complication rate was 10.3%, with 4.4% having complications (i.e., salpingitis, endometritis, rupture of the cervix, or perforation of the uterus), which theoretically could lead to infertility or other secondary complications.
 ...
PMID:[Somatic complications after legal abortion by vacuum aspiration combined with oxytocin infusion]. 465 Apr 78

Prostaglandins (PGs) are fatty acids containing a cyclopentane ring. They occur in relatively high concentrations in sperm and in lower concentrations in the endometrium, amniotic fluid, and menstrual blood. In addition, PGs have been demonstrated in a number of tissues other than the reproductive organs. PGs increase the activity of the myometrium both during pregnancy and in the nonpregnancy state. Among the various forms of PG, PGE, and PGF2alpha in particular have been investigated. These PGs act equally potently on the nonpregnant uterus but PGE acts approximately 8-10 times as potently as PGF2alpha on the pregnant uterus. PGs may be employed to induce abortion by either intravenous, intrauterine, or intravaginal administration. The intravenous method is most useful as the dosage can be kept low enough to avoid generalized side effects. PGs may be particularly useful in the second trimester when the fetus is too large to be removed by vacuum aspiration. PGs may be employed to induce labor but no convincing evidence is available to show that the preparations have advantages over oxytocin at term. On the other hand, it will probably be possible to employ PGs for induction of labor before term when oxytocin is less effective. For the same reason, PGs are suitable for induction of abortion in cases of missed abortion and fetal death. It is probable that PGs can be developed as a contraceptive measure to be employed in the 2nd 1/2 of the cycle or as a very early abortion-producing preparation in the 1st days after a missed menstrual period. The significance of PGs in connection with infertility is not yet clear but reduced PG values in sperm have been found in the male of infertile couples. (Author's modified)
 ...
PMID:[Utilization of prostaglandins in gynecology and obstetrics]. 502 2

The treatment of infertility is discussed and illustrated by a case study. A 24 year-old woman and her husband were classified as "normal-fertile" by the usual standard, yet she had failed to conceive. Treatment with estrogen at mid-cycle, tranquilizers, oxytocin, cortisone, hysterogram, and saline hydrotubation had no beneficial effect. However, the administration of 50 mg/day of clomiphene from Days 5-9 of the cycle, followed by frequent sexual intercourse, resulted in pregnancy. Of 170 "normal-fertile" infertile couples, hysterosalpingography was the most successful form of treatment (88 pregnancies). Various other treatments resulted in 40 pregnancies. Saline hydrotubation, clomiphene, cortisol, and sedation were the most effective methods for treating infertility. If other less effective treatments also fail, psychiatric evaluation, culdoscopy, laparoscopy, laparotomy, sperm agglutination studies, or endocrine assays may be in order. The importance of psychological considerations in treating infertile patients is discussed.
 ...
PMID:Case studies in reproduction and sexual adjustment. 581 Jun 54

Both the fertility inhibiting effects of breastfeeding and the lactation inhibiting effects of hormonal contraceptives should be considered in developing postpartum family planning programs for lactating women. Because a high percentage of female contraceptive acceptors discontinue use within a year, the largest birth intervals may be achieved by delaying the initiation of contraception to take advantage of lactational infertility in the first postpartum months. Although evaluation of existing data on the effects of oral contraceptives on lactation is difficult, findings suggest that low-dose progestins may have a less detrimental effect on lactation than combined oral contraceptives. Depo-provera appears to enhance milk volume and duration of lactation, but the unknown side effects of transmission of steroids to the infant and changes in milk composition suggest caution in recommending it for nursing mothers. Results of research on possible effects of IUDs on lactation are conflicting and difficult to interpret, but possible mechanisms through prolactin secretion or oxytocin have been suggested for such an effect. Numerous methodological problems hamper efforts to evaluate evidence of the relationship of contraception to lactation to provide recommendations for family planning programs. The most prudent course where possible is to avoid giving hormonal contraceptives to the lactating woman. Where only hormonal contraceptives are acceptable, the best approach is probably to delay their use for at least 3 months postpartum to allow lactation to become established and the infant to mature.
 ...
PMID:Contraceptive choices for lactating women: suggestions for postpartum family planning. 621 32

A careful physical examination of a cow or heifer suspected of having an ovarian problem often results in a specific diagnosis (e.g., freemartinism) or a workable list of differentials. When the diagnosis is uncertain, techniques such as rapid progesterone assays, ultrasonographic imaging, ova or embryo recovery, and cytogenetic evaluation can provide critical information for a well-based diagnosis and prognosis. Despite the wide array of problems that can afflict the bovine ovary, cystic ovaries probably are the most commonly diagnosed and treated ovarian abnormality. Cysts have a variable life span and sometimes occurs together with a CL. Hormonal therapy with either GnRH followed by PG approximately 9 to 14 days later, or GnRH alone, followed by good heat detection is the treatment of choice for cows with cysts. Other conditions associated with ovarian dyfunction and infertility include adhesions, developmental anomalies, and tumors. The life span of a CL in the cow can be shortened unintentionally by attempting to correct other problems (e.g., multiple injections of oxytocin for milk let-down), or lengthened by uterine pathology (e.g., pyometra, or uterus unicornis). The administration of GnRH or hCG to improve ovarian function and pregnancy rates in cows may be beneficial in selected herds.
 ...
PMID:Infertility due to abnormalities of the ovaries in cattle. 834 73

The authors report the case of a 40-year-old woman with a 12-year history of irregular menses, amenorrhea, infertility, galactorrhea, a slightly elevated prolactin level, and a slowly growing pituitary adenoma. She developed recent onset of visual symptoms, prompting craniotomy for removal of an intrasellar tumor. Following surgery, her vision and prolactin levels returned to normal. Light microscopic and immunohistochemical examination of the tumor revealed it to be a neuroblastoma, which was immunohistochemically positive for synaptophysin, S-100 protein, and oxytocin. The neoplasm contained prolactin-positive neuroblastic and pituitary epithelial cells. No other pituitary hormones were found. Electron microscopy demonstrated two cell types: one with frequent neuritic processes containing neurosecretory granules and showing synaptic specialization, and another one compatible with epithelial adenohypophyseal cells. A few cells had ultrastructural features that were transitional between neuronal cells and granulated epithelial cells. Agranular folliculostellate cells were also identified. Immunoelectron microscopy demonstrated prolactin granules in the cytoplasm of the epithelial cells, in a few transitional cells, and in scattered neuritic processes. Ultrastructural and immunohistochemical features of the tumor suggested a transformation of pituitary epithelium to neuroblastic cells. Hyperprolactinemia and associated clinical symptoms may in part be attributed to selective prolactin secretion by neoplastic cells that were differentiating into adenomatous pituitary cells and, to a lesser extent, to cells differentiating into a neuroblastic line. Compression of pituitary stalk might also have been a contributory factor to the increased prolactin levels. Moreover, the oxytocin produced by the neuroblastic cells was considered an additional stimulus for prolactin secretion by neoplastic cells or by the normal pituitary.
 ...
PMID:Differentiating neuroblastoma of pituitary gland: neuroblastic transformation of epithelial adenoma cells. Case report. 889 39

Adenomyosis of the uterus is a serious problem for women of reproductive age because of its possible consequence of infertility. We present the case of a woman who had adenomyosis of the uterus, a successful spontaneous pregnancy, and delayed and tenacious postpartum hemorrhage that did not respond to conservative treatment. The 26-year-old woman, gravida 1, para 1, suffered from fulminating vaginal bleeding and associated shock 20 days after the delivery of a 3,450-g female by Cesarean section. Conservative treatment included uterine compression and massage, blood transfusion, intravenous administration of high-dosage estrogen, oxytocin and sulprostone (prostaglandin E analogue), and gauze packing from the vagina into the uterine cavity. Despite treatment, the patient went into shock due to persistent vaginal bleeding. Emergency exploratoric assessment laparotomy was performed, followed by a stotal hysterectomy. Pathology revealed extensive adenomyosis of the uterus without other significant abnormality. The potential dangers of adenomyosis in pregnancy should not be overlooked when patients seek treatment for infertility.
 ...
PMID:Delayed postpartum hemorrhage in adenomyosis: a case report. 974 67


1 2 3 Next >>