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Query: UNIPROT:P01178 (oxytocin)
 15,767 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Postpartum infertility is caused by four factors: general infertility, lack of uterine involution, short estrous cycles and anestrus. The general infertility component is common to any estrous cycle and reduces potential fertility by 20 to 30%. Incomplete uterine involution prevents fertilization during the first 20 d after calving but is not related to anestrus. Short estrous cycles prevent fertility during the first 40 d after calving by causing the cow to return to estrus before pregnancy recognition occurs. Anestrus is the major component of postpartum infertility and is affected by several minor factors: season, breed, parity, dystocia, presence of a bull, uterine palpation and carryover effects from the previous pregnancy as well as two major factors: suckling and nutrition. These major factors have direct effects on anestrus but also interact with one or more other factors to control postpartum anestrus. Physiological mechanisms associated with anestrus involve blockage of the GnRH "pulse generator" in the hypothalamus, but other pathways also must be involved because bypassing the pulse generator is not an effective treatment for all cows. The primary cause of anestrus probably is different for different stages of anestrus. The mediating mechanisms for anestrus are not involved with prolactin, oxytocin, the adrenal or direct neural input from the mammary gland but are at least partially involved with blood glucose and the endogenous opioid peptide system. Management options to decrease the impact of anestrus and infertility include: 1) restrict breeding season to less than or equal to 45 d; 2) manage nutrition so body condition score is 5 to 7 before calving; 3) minimize effects of dystocia and stimulate estrous activity with a sterile bull and estrous synchronization; and 4) judicious use of complete, partial or short-term weaning.
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PMID:Physiological mechanisms controlling anestrus and infertility in postpartum beef cattle. 218 Aug 77

67 nulliparous women aged 20-29 delivering during a 1-year period in 1987 and 1988 were evaluated to study the incidence of cesarean section in developing countries, as this procedure is associated with high maternal mortality (1/100 operations). If cervical dilatation was less than 1 cm/hour iv oxytocin was administered. Fetal heart rate was monitored. Pudendal block anesthesia was given for forceps delivery and spinal anesthesia was administered for cesarean section. Labor lasted less than 6 hr in 26 (39%), it lasted 6-12 hr in 30 (45%), and it lasted 12 hr in 11 cases (16%). There were 6 (9%) forceps deliveries for fetal distress. In 31 (46%) women spontaneous rupture of the membranes occurred. Oxytocin was applied in 12 (18%) cases. 5 infants (7.5%) weighed less than 2500 g and 61 (91%) weighed between 2500 g and 3999 g. A regional hospital had 283 cesarean sections (12.6%) mostly for dystocia and previous cesarean over a 1-year period out 2240 births. Active management of labor reduces the use of cesarean operations. Recognition of inefficient uterine action minimizes dystocia, however, the use of oxytocin in multiparous women poses the risk of uterine rupture. A large prospective study is needed to evaluate the effect of active management of labor on the rate of cesarean sections.
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PMID:Experience with an active labour management protocol and reduction of caesarean section rate in Nicaragua. 221 21

The effects of epidural analgesia on first labors have been studied by Thorp and colleagues. One study has been published and is the subject of a question-and-answer discussion, presented here. In this study 711 consecutive nulliparous women at term, with spontaneous onset of labor and cephalic presentation, were divided into one group (n = 447) who received epidural analgesia in labor and another group (n = 264) who received narcotics or no analgesia. The frequency of cesarean section for dystocia was significantly greater (p less than 0.005) in the epidural group (10.3%) than in the nonepidural group (3.8%), even after selection bias was corrected and the variables of maternal age and race; gestational age; cervical dilatation on admission; use, duration, and maximum infusion rate of oxytocin; labor duration; presence of meconium; and birth weight were controlled. For both groups the frequency of cesarean section for fetal distress was similar (p less than 0.20), and the frequency of low Apgar scores at 5 minutes and cord blood gas values showed no significant differences. The authors concluded that "epidural analgesia in labor may increase the incidence of cesarean section for dystocia in nulliparous women".
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PMID:Effects of epidural analgesia: some questions and answers. 222 42

The purpose of this retrospective investigation was to evaluate the duration of labor in women having a trial of labor after a previous low transverse cervical cesarean delivery for dystocia. We specifically sought to determine whether these patients experienced a labor similar to that of the nulliparous or multiparous woman. During the study period, 73 women who had previously undergone a cesarean for dystocia had a successful trial of labor. We matched each study patient to two controls. One control was nulliparous and the second was a woman who had undergone a previous uncomplicated vaginal delivery. Thirty-six study patients had had a cesarean in the latent phase of labor (group I), 29 in the active phase of labor (group II), and eight in the second stage of labor (group III). With the exception of group I patients, the first and second stages of labor were similar to those of nulliparous control patients. Patients in group I had a significantly longer first stage of labor than did the nulliparous controls. There was no significant difference in oxytocin requirements among the three groups. We conclude that primiparous women who have had a previous cesarean delivery for dystocia have a duration of labor similar in length or longer than that of nulliparous women.
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PMID:The duration of labor in primiparas undergoing vaginal birth after cesarean delivery. 229 21

In an attempt to reduce the cesarean rate without adverse effect on outcome, new guidelines for the management of dystocia, previous cesarean delivery, fetal distress, and breech presentation were introduced in September 1984 in a provincial hospital in Zimbabwe, Africa. Comparison of the 2-year periods before and after September 1984 showed that the cesarean rate had dropped from 16.8 to 8.0%, the maternal mortality rate from 202 to 57 per 100,000 births, and the perinatal mortality rate from 71.9 to 56.2 per 1000 births. During the latter period, use of oxytocin increased from 3.4 to 17.4%. These findings suggest that the adoption of strict guidelines can lead to a decrease in the cesarean rate and an improvement in obstetric outcome.
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PMID:The cesarean delivery rate can be safely reduced in a developing country. 230 8

Plasma oxytocin level was determined by RIA in eight cows with normal parturition or with dystocia and retained foetal membranes. Both concentration and profile of oxytocin measured around parturition in cows with these disturbances were markedly changed, compared to the cows with the normal course of parturition. Oxytocin was released in the greatest amounts during physiological parturition or during parturition with dystocia in response to the Ferguson reflex only. In cows with dystocia lengthen of the period of the low oxytocin level was observed, though cervix was dilated. Then, it seems that some cases of placental retention are related to the low oxytocin level.
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PMID:Oxytocin plasma levels in cows with normal parturition or dystocia and with placental retention. 236 18

The purpose of this study was to examine the hypothesis that dystocia in nulliparas is directly related to birth weight. The study was confined to the first 1000 nulliparas delivered in 1988 who went into labor after 37 weeks' gestation with a single live fetus and cephalic presentation. The management of labor was standardized. As birth weight increased, there was an increase in the mean duration of labor and of the second stage of labor, in the incidence of oxytocin augmentation, and in the incidence of both cesarean and forceps delivery for dystocia. The direct relationship between birth weight and the mean duration of labor was independent of gestation and oxytocin augmentation. These findings suggest that birth weight is an important factor in the development of dystocia in nulliparas.
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PMID:The influence of birth weight on labor in nulliparas. 237 Oct 19

In an attempt to reduce the caesarean section rate without an adverse effect on the obstetrical outcome, new guidelines for the management of dystocia, previous caesarean delivery, fetal distress, and breech presentation were introduced in September 1984 in a provincial hospital in Zimbabwe, Africa. Comparison of the two-year periods before and after September 1984 showed that the caesarean section rate had dropped from 16.8 to 8.0%, the maternal mortality rate from 2.0 to 0.5%, and the perinatal mortality rate from 71.9 to 56.2%. During the latter period use of oxytocin increased from 3.4 to 17.4%. These findings suggest that the adoption of strict guidelines can lead to a decrease of the caesarean section rate and an improvement of the obstetrical outcome in the absence of new technology.
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PMID:[The impact of a new strict obstetrical strategy on maternal mortality and obstetrical results]. 261 May 75

The radiological findings regarding eggs (variation in form, size, shell thickness, degree of calcification) combined with the clinical symptoms (Ca-Gluconate and Oxytocin application as well as unsuccessful labour contractions and constipation) set up the diagnosis of dystocia in the tortoise. Celiotomy is the remedy for cesarean section, ovariosalpingotomy and gastrointestinal foreign body. A large, topographically well-placed Plastron incision, separation and reposition of the m. pectoralis and m. obliquus internus abdominis using cross-stitch sutures, as well as the careful manipulation of tissues, are of great importance. Gastrotomy is even feasible on terrapins through a partial detachment of the stomach from the liver, enabling a sufficient presentation of the stomach.
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PMID:[Celiotomy in tortoises: remedy of choice for dystocia (laying distress) and gastrointestinal foreign bodies]. 268 58

Epidural analgesia in labor is generally accepted as safe and effective and therefore has become increasingly popular. However, little is known regarding the effect of epidural analgesia on the incidence of cesarean section for dystocia in nulliparous women. During the first 6 months of 1987 we studied 711 consecutive nulliparous women at term, with cephalic fetal presentations and spontaneous onset of labor. Comparison of 447 patients who received epidural analgesia in labor with 264 patients who received either narcotics or no analgesia was performed. The incidence of cesarean section for dystocia was significantly greater (p less than 0.005) in the epidural group (10.3%) than in the nonepidural group (3.8%). There remained a significantly increased incidence (p less than 0.005) of cesarean section for dystocia in the epidural group after selection bias was corrected and the following confounding variables were controlled by multivariate analysis: maternal age, race, gestational age, cervical dilatation on admission, use of oxytocin, duration of oxytocin use, maximum infusion rate of oxytocin, duration of labor, presence of meconium, and birth weight. The incidence of cesarean section for fetal distress was similar (p greater than 0.20) in both groups. There were no clinically significant differences in frequency of low Apgar scores at 5 minutes or cord arterial and venous blood gas parameters between the two groups. This study suggests that epidural analgesia in labor may increase the incidence of cesarean section for dystocia in nulliparous women.
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PMID:The effect of continuous epidural analgesia on cesarean section for dystocia in nulliparous women. 238 78


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