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Query: UNIPROT:P01034 (cystatin C)
 3,397 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The occurrence of immunoreactive cystatin C (CC) in normal and neoplastic cells of the human pancreas and gut was investigated using an indirect streptavidin-biotin method on formaldehyde-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues. Virtually all pancreatic islet cells and many neuroendocrine cells throughout the gastrointestinal tract showed strong CC immunoreactivity and a granular cytoplasmic staining pattern. All 14 endocrine pancreatic tumours (insulinomas, glucagonomas, gastrinomas and non-producing tumours), as well as 16 of 17 gut carcinoid tumours, were also strongly CC immunoreactive. In addition, non-endocrine epithelial cells of pancreatic ducts and the gastrointestinal mucosa and 20 of the 24 adenocarcinomas from these sites showed weak CC immunoreactivity. Thus, CC cannot be used as a reliable immunohistochemical marker for endocrine gastro-entero-pancreatic tumours despite the fact that the protein is strongly expressed in a majority of such tumours.
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PMID:Cystatin C in the human pancreas and gut: an immunohistochemical study of normal and neoplastic tissues. 146 52

Apolipoprotein B (apoB) biosynthesis by rat liver was studied following thyroid hormone (3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine) administration to hypothyroid rats. Pharmacologic doses of 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine caused suppression of apoB100 synthesis but did not affect apoB48 levels. There was no detectable apoB100 synthesis in hyperthyroid rats. To examine whether these results were mediated by the previously demonstrated mechanism of RNA modification (Powell, L. M., Wallis, S. C., Pease, R. J., Edwards, Y. H., Knott, T. J., and Scott, J. (1987) Cell 50, 831-840), the DNA sequence corresponding to the C-terminal end of rat apoB48 was determined from rat liver cDNA clones. Rat cDNAs contained a stop codon at an identical position to that found in human and rabbit apoB48 intestinal cDNA. To quantitate the relative amounts of apoB100 and apoB48 message, cDNA was synthesized from hepatic and intestinal apoB RNA and a 207-base pair fragment amplified using the polymerase chain reaction. The products were then differentially hybridized with oligonucleotides specific for apoB100 (containing CAA) or apoB48 (TAA). Control and hypothyroid liver contained approximately equal amounts of CAA and TAA, while hyperthyroid liver contained greater than 90% TAA. All gut samples contained 94-98% TAA. Genomic DNA from rat liver contained only CAA. The results demonstrate that apoB mRNA modification can be hormonally modulated in the adult rat by induction of a mechanism involving substitution of a stop codon into hepatic apoB100 mRNA.
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PMID:Thyroid hormone modulates the introduction of a stop codon in rat liver apolipoprotein B messenger RNA. 341 67

A group of Dutch tourists, who became infected with Schistosoma mansoni in Ethiopia, was investigated in a serological follow-up study, during 8-50 weeks after infection. The following immunodiagnostic tests were applied: (1) the immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) test, both on frozen sections of adult worms, and in a modification for the detection of antibodies against gut-associated polysaccharide antigens; (2) the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with as antigens: adult worm antigens (AWA), cercarial antigens (CA), soluble egg antigens (SEA), and the purified antigens CAA and MSA1; (3) the defined antigen substrate spheres system with AWA as antigen in an immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase modification; (4) the indirect haemagglutination reaction with AWA; and (5) the immunoelectrophoresis with AWA and antigens of the intermediate host. With these techniques it could be shown that in all persons which had been in contact with S. mansoni infected water, also in those not excreting schistosome eggs or not showing clinical symptoms of infection, specific anti-schistosome antibodies were present. No false-negative reactions were found with the ELISA with cercarial antigens, MSA1, or AWA-TCA, with the IFA detecting gut-associated polysaccharide antigens and with the immunoelectrophoresis. The highest titres were observed with the two techniques (IFA and ELISA) detecting antibodies against the gut-associated polysaccharide antigen CAA.
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PMID:Immunodiagnosis of recently acquired Schistosoma mansoni infection. A comparison of various immunological techniques. 701 37

With Hyroxylapatite purified preparations and BACH (biotin aminocapryl hydrazide) biotinylated McAbs, 274-2H10 and 273-2H1, recognizing different egg-associated epitopes, biotin-avidin (BA) involved alkaline phosphatase (AP) ELISA with detecting sensitivities reaching nanogram levels (10(-9), were set up. The detectable limit for crude preparations of Schistosoma japonicum SEAJ-TCA in 2H10-ELISA achieved 1. 0.3. 2 ng/ml, in which only S. japonicum specific egg antigens were efficiently detected, whereas with 2H1-ELISA, which could detect SEA-TCA of both S. japonicum and S. mansoni species, an end point of detecting 3.2 ng/ml was obtained. Repeated tests with human serum groups revealed very significant differences of extinction OD readings between patients and normal individuals. For detection combinations, a previously established anti-CAA homologous AP-ELISA system was parallelly used for gut-associated antigenemia determinations. Taking the mean extinction OD reading of a parallel normal serum group plus 3 SD as corresponding cut off values, 3 patient groups (n = 82, 52, 39) from different areas of transmission intensity were subjected to accumulating determinations for egg- and gut-associated antigenemia. Improved detectabilities to variable extent were achieved in either of the 2 or 3 combinations. The study thus demonstrated that the diagnostic efficiency for human schistosomiasis could be improved by multi-epitope detections for more than one target molecule using corresponding McAbs, especially in areas where the transmission intensity of the disease is comparatively lower.
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PMID:[A preliminary report on diagnostic complementarity of gut-associated and egg-associated antigenemia in schistosomiasis japonica]. 754 May 18

The gut-associated excretory antigen CAA (circulating anodic antigen) from adult Schistosoma mansoni worms was isolated by immunoaffinity chromatography. Amino acid analysis following alkaline borohydride treatment indicated that CAA is a glycoprotein, O-glycosylated at Thr. The primary structure of the released O-glycan moiety was investigated by one- and two-dimensional, homo- and heteronuclear 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. It was found that the major carbohydrate chains have a novel polysaccharide structure, consisting of a branched disaccharide repeating unit containing 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D- galactopyranose (beta-D-Galp-NAc) and beta-D-glucopyranuronic acid (beta-D-GlcpA). [formula: see text] The major antigenic character of CAA arises from this novel polysaccharide, which was shown to be an absolutely specific diagnostic marker in schistosomiasis. The cross-reactivity of CAA with anti-CCA (circulating cathodic antigen) monoclonal antibodies is caused by the presence of a small amount of O-linked CCA-poly-Lewis x carbohydrate chains on the CAA protein chain.
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PMID:The immunologically reactive part of immunopurified circulating anodic antigen from Schistosoma mansoni is a threonine-linked polysaccharide consisting of --> 6)-(beta-D-GlcpA-(1 --> 3))-beta-D-GalpNAc-(1 --> repeating units. 798 18

Adult schistosome parasites, living in the blood vessels of their mammalian hosts, protect themselves against immune damage in a variety of ways. In addition to the tegument, the intestinal epithelium of the blood-feeding worms is permanently exposed to both the innate and the acquired immune system. In this study, we investigated whether the Schistosoma gut-associated antigens CAA and CCA (circulating anodic antigen and circulating cathodic antigen, respectively), which are excreted in relatively large quantities into the host's circulation, might play a role in evading complement attack. Of several complement components tested, only purified C1q showed significant binding to CAA, a negatively charged highly glycosylated glycoprotein. CCA, also highly glycosylated, but neutral or slightly positively charged, did not bind to C1q. CAA bound only to the collagen-like stalks of C1q and not to the globular heads. No detectable interaction of CAA with precursor human C1 was found and CAA did not induce activation of C1 in whole human serum as assessed by consumption of hemolytic C4 activity. Also CAA could not induce activation of precursor C1 in vitro. These results suggest that CAA behaves like a receptor for C1q, and might be involved in protecting the vulnerable schistosome gut against complement-mediated attack.
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PMID:Schistosoma mansoni circulating anodic antigen but not circulating cathodic antigen interacts with complement component C1q. 822 56

Using spleen cells of mice infected or immunized respectively with cercariae or antigen preparations of Schistosoma mansoni, S. haematobium or S. japonicum monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were produced against the schistosome gut-associated antigens CAA (circulating anodic antigen) and CCA (circulating cathodic antigen). Fusions nearly exclusively produced either anti-CAA (n = 25) or anti-CCA mAbs (n = 55) with a strong isotype restriction (IgM, IgG1 and IgG3) against both antigens, the majority of anti-CAA mAbs being IgG1 and the majority of anti-CCA mAbs being IgM. The mAbs, which on the basis of their selection were reactive with multiple carbohydrate epitopes of CAA or CCA, were applied in different immunological techniques including immunofluorescence, a dot immunobinding assay and immunoelectrophoresis to study the epitope repertoire. Anti-CAA mAbs were found to be reactive with 5 different epitopes, none of which occurred as multiple epitopes on eggs. Anti-CCA mAbs, on the other hand, recognized at least 10 different epitopes, while 44% of anti-CCA mAbs recognized epitopes common to the adult worm and the egg. Both CAA- and CCA-epitopes were found to be developmentally expressed at the level of the tegument in cercariae, schistosomula and 5-day-old lung worms, but in the adult worm were primarily found in the gut. Thus, the production of panels of mAbs has not only resulted in the selection of reagents optimally performing in diagnostic immunoassays, but also allowed a more detailed study of the epitope repertoire of these important schistosome antigens.
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PMID:Schistosoma: analysis of monoclonal antibodies reactive with the circulating antigens CAA and CCA. 858 99

Circulating antigen levels and antibody responses in Schistosoma bovis-infected West African Dwarf goats were evaluated during infection and following treatment with praziquantel (60 mg/kg) 13 weeks post-infection. One day, 1 week and 4 weeks post-treatment, subgroups of goats were sacrificed and perfused for worm recovery. For comparison, parasite-free control animals were included. Blood and faecal samples were collected biweekly. Two gut-associated schistosome antigens, circulating cathodic and circulating anodic antigen (CCA and CAA) and 3 specific antibody responses (total Ig, IgG and IgM) were measured. For specific antibody detection, crude S. bovis adult worm and egg homogenates were used. The level of CCA in the infected groups was significantly elevated from the time of onset of egg excretion onwards. However, following treatment, the CCA titres dropped to control levels within 1 week post-treatment. Strong positive correlations were found between CCA levels and worm counts and faecal egg counts during peak egg excretion. The correlations of CAA and specific antibody titres to egg and worm counts were poor. The antibody responses were all significantly elevated in the infected goats during patency, but only marginally affected by the treatment. Hence, CCA proved to be superior by correlating strongly to the level of infection and by being a sensitive indicator of the effect of treatment.
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PMID:Experimental Schistosoma bovis infection in goats. Circulating antigen and antibody responses to egg and adult worm antigens during infection and following treatment with praziquantel. 887 76

To further investigate the factors involved in the modulation of the schistosomal granuloma, mice were primed with immunogenic carbohydrates which were common to soluble egg antigen (SEA) and adult worm antigen. Mice sensitized with LewisX trisaccharide or lacto-N-fucopentaose-III (LNFP-III) displayed an increased cellular response towards SEA-coupled beads implanted in the liver by mesenteric injection, resulting in the formation of larger periparticular granulomas. When animals were sensitized with bovine serum albumin or a structurally related carbohydrate, an accelerated response was not seen. Since LNFP-III is built up of LewisX molecules, and LewisX carbohydrates are common to SEA and worm antigens such as the gut-secreted antigens CCA and CAA (two antigens that could prime egg-antigen-induced granuloma formation), this may explain why adult, live Schistosoma mansoni worms positively modulate egg-antigen-induced hepatic granuloma formation in the murine host. These observations provide new insights into the role of carbohydrates in parasite-host immunity and may yield important implications for choosing worm-derived antigens for the development of anti-schistosome vaccines.
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PMID:Schistosomal granuloma modulation. II. Specific immunogenic carbohydrates can modulate schistosome-egg-antigen-induced hepatic granuloma formation. 995 Feb 22

Cathepsins (CTSB and CTSL1) and their inhibitor, cystatin C (CST3), remodel uterine endometrium and placenta for transport of gases, micronutrients, and macromolecules essential for development and growth of the conceptus (embryo/fetus and placental membranes). We examined the temporal/spatial control of expression for CTSB, CTSL1, and CST3 mRNAs in endometria and placentae of pigs using three developmental models: 1) pigs were hysterectomized during the estrous cycle or pregnancy; 2) cyclic pigs were injected with estrogen to induce pseudopregnancy and were hysterectomized; and 3) pigs were ovariectomized, injected with progesterone, and hysterectomized. The abundance of CTSB, CTSL1, and CST3 mRNAs increased in endometrial epithelia during pregnancy and in response to exogenous progesterone but not estrogen. CST3 was also expressed in cells scattered within the stratum compactum stroma. Progesterone decreased epithelial but increased stromal compartment expression of CST3. CTSB increased in all chorionic epithelia, but CTSL1 was limited to chorionic epithelia that form areolae to absorb secretions from uterine glands. Based on the placental and endometrial distribution of CTSL1, we examined expression in the neonatal enterocytes known to transport immunoglobulins from colostrum. CTSL1 was also expressed in enterocytes of intestine from neonatal piglets. Therefore, CTSL1 is expressed by endometrial epithelia, placental areolae, and neonatal intestine, and it may function in the transport of macromolecules across these epithelia. Our results support the idea that reciprocal interactions between CSTL1, CTSB, and CST3 may be required to remodel endometrial and placental tissues for close apposition between maternal and fetal vasculatures and to facilitate transplacental transport of gases, micronutrients (amino acids, glucose), and macromolecules (proteins). Cysteine proteases and their inhibitors may also specifically modify proteins for successful utilization and fluid-phase transport across uterine, placental, and neonatal gut epithelia.
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PMID:Cathepsin B, cathepsin L, and cystatin C in the porcine uterus and placenta: potential roles in endometrial/placental remodeling and in fluid-phase transport of proteins secreted by uterine epithelia across placental areolae. 2010 7


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