Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P01034 (cystatin C)
 3,397 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

With Hyroxylapatite purified preparations and BACH (biotin aminocapryl hydrazide) biotinylated McAbs, 274-2H10 and 273-2H1, recognizing different egg-associated epitopes, biotin-avidin (BA) involved alkaline phosphatase (AP) ELISA with detecting sensitivities reaching nanogram levels (10(-9), were set up. The detectable limit for crude preparations of Schistosoma japonicum SEAJ-TCA in 2H10-ELISA achieved 1. 0.3. 2 ng/ml, in which only S. japonicum specific egg antigens were efficiently detected, whereas with 2H1-ELISA, which could detect SEA-TCA of both S. japonicum and S. mansoni species, an end point of detecting 3.2 ng/ml was obtained. Repeated tests with human serum groups revealed very significant differences of extinction OD readings between patients and normal individuals. For detection combinations, a previously established anti-CAA homologous AP-ELISA system was parallelly used for gut-associated antigenemia determinations. Taking the mean extinction OD reading of a parallel normal serum group plus 3 SD as corresponding cut off values, 3 patient groups (n = 82, 52, 39) from different areas of transmission intensity were subjected to accumulating determinations for egg- and gut-associated antigenemia. Improved detectabilities to variable extent were achieved in either of the 2 or 3 combinations. The study thus demonstrated that the diagnostic efficiency for human schistosomiasis could be improved by multi-epitope detections for more than one target molecule using corresponding McAbs, especially in areas where the transmission intensity of the disease is comparatively lower.
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PMID:[A preliminary report on diagnostic complementarity of gut-associated and egg-associated antigenemia in schistosomiasis japonica]. 754 May 18

The gut-associated excretory antigen CAA (circulating anodic antigen) from adult Schistosoma mansoni worms was isolated by immunoaffinity chromatography. Amino acid analysis following alkaline borohydride treatment indicated that CAA is a glycoprotein, O-glycosylated at Thr. The primary structure of the released O-glycan moiety was investigated by one- and two-dimensional, homo- and heteronuclear 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. It was found that the major carbohydrate chains have a novel polysaccharide structure, consisting of a branched disaccharide repeating unit containing 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D- galactopyranose (beta-D-Galp-NAc) and beta-D-glucopyranuronic acid (beta-D-GlcpA). [formula: see text] The major antigenic character of CAA arises from this novel polysaccharide, which was shown to be an absolutely specific diagnostic marker in schistosomiasis. The cross-reactivity of CAA with anti-CCA (circulating cathodic antigen) monoclonal antibodies is caused by the presence of a small amount of O-linked CCA-poly-Lewis x carbohydrate chains on the CAA protein chain.
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PMID:The immunologically reactive part of immunopurified circulating anodic antigen from Schistosoma mansoni is a threonine-linked polysaccharide consisting of --> 6)-(beta-D-GlcpA-(1 --> 3))-beta-D-GalpNAc-(1 --> repeating units. 798 18

Regression analysis of the relationship of serum circulating anodic and cathodic antigens (CAA and CCA), as a possible direct measure of worm burden, and fecal egg counts allows the study of phenomena like density-dependent fecundity in human Schistosoma mansoni infections. For a reliable analysis, variations in egg count measurements as well as in circulating antigen levels have to be taken into account, and an accurate estimation of these variations (represented by parameter lambda in the so-called Deming regression) is of great importance. From a new, extensive data set of repeated measurements of fecal egg counts and CAA and CCA concentrations we determined the respective values for parameter lambda, and (re)analysed the relationship between circulating antigens and egg counts in 3 data sets from Burundi, Senegal and Zaire by Deming regression. For comparison, ordinary linear regression was performed as well, which considerably biased the regression lines for CCA, but not for CAA. The analyses resulted in a clearly non-proportional relationship between egg counts and CAA, and, to a lesser extent, CCA. Assuming that egg counts and antigen measurements directly reflect egg production and worm burdens, respectively, our findings reinforce the indication of density-dependent fecundity in schistosomiasis mansoni, as suggested by others.
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PMID:Evaluation of density-dependent fecundity in human Schistosoma mansoni infections by relating egg counts to circulating antigens through Deming regression. 1127 46

Mapping and diagnosis of infections by the three major schistosome species (Schistosoma haematobium, S. mansoni and S. japonicum) has been done with assays that are known to be specific but increasingly insensitive as prevalence declines or in areas with already low prevalence of infection. This becomes a true challenge to achieving the goal of elimination of schistosomiasis because the multiplicative portion of the life-cycle of schistosomes, in the snail vector, favors continued transmission as long as even a few people maintain low numbers of worms that pass eggs in their excreta. New mapping tools based on detection of worm antigens (circulating cathodic antigen - CCA; circulating anodic antigen - CAA) in urine of those infected are highly sensitive and the CAA assay is reported to be highly specific. Using these tools in areas of low prevalence of all three of these species of schistosomes has demonstrated that more people harbor adult worms than are regularly excreting eggs at a level detectable by the usual stool assay (Kato-Katz) or by urine filtration. In very low prevalence areas this is sometimes 6- to10-fold more. Faced with what appears to be a sizable population of "egg-negative/worm-positive schistosomiasis" especially in areas of very low prevalence, national NTD programs are confounded about what guidelines and strategies they should enact if they are to proceed toward a goal of elimination. There is a critical need for continued evaluation of the assays involved and to understand the contribution of this "egg-negative/worm-positive schistosomiasis" condition to both individual morbidity and community transmission. There is also a critical need for new guidelines based on the use of these more sensitive assays for those national NTD programs that wish to move forward to strategies designed for elimination.
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PMID:Schistosomiasis is more prevalent than previously thought: what does it mean for public health goals, policies, strategies, guidelines and intervention programs? 2832 87

Clinical cases of Moroccan residents have been recorded since 2004, indicating successful interruption of transmission of S. haematobium infection at national level. The first national survey initiated in 2009 for Schistosomiasis haematobium among children born after 2004, applied diagnostic test was the HAMA-EITB, based on the Western blot technology, and molecular malacological diagnostic tools clearly confirm transmission stop. In 2015, a recent, small survey utilizing an HAI, ELISA tests and an ultrasensitive antigen test, FTCUP CAA, in a group of individual with a past history of infection. However, obviously follow-up surveys to prevent reemergency and for certification of the schistosomiasis elimination require vigilant diagnosis strategies. Here we discuss diagnosis story line in the national laboratory and challenges based on the available tools in relation to their clinical parameters (sensitivity/specificity; Sn/Sp), practicability and associated costs. When transmission stop has been achieved, survey cost and speed are likely to benefit from cost effective pooling strategies and ultrasensitive assays indicating active infection in all potential risk groups. Similarly molecular pooling strategies to monitor infections in the snail vectors.
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PMID:Survey and Diagnostic Challenges after Transmission-Stop: Confirming Elimination of Schistosomiasis haematobium in Morocco. 3241 24

Schistosoma antigen detection tests have a large potential for schistosomiasis control programs due to their ability to detect active and ongoing Schistosoma infections, their much higher sensitivity compared to microscopical methods, and the possibility to use non-invasive urine samples. Pregnant women and young children could especially benefit from affordable and easy-to-use antigen tests as inclusion of these vulnerable groups in mass drug administration campaigns will always require higher justification hurdles, especially in low to middle endemic regions with a higher proportion of individuals who are not infected and thus unnecessarily exposed to praziquantel. The overall objective of the 'fast and reliable easy-to-use diagnostics for eliminating bilharzia in young children and mothers' (freeBILy, www.freeBILy.eu) project is to thoroughly evaluate the point-of-care circulating cathodic antigen (POC-CCA) and the up-converting phosphor reporter particle, lateral flow circulating anodic antigen (UCP-LF CAA) urine strip tests to diagnose Schistosoma infections in pregnant women and young children and to assess their potential as a schistosomiasis control tool in test-and-treat strategies. The freeBILy project will generate valuable, evidence-based findings on improved tools and test-and-treat strategies to reduce the burden of schistosomiasis in pregnant women and young children.
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PMID:Fast and reliable easy-to-use diagnostics for eliminating bilharzia in young children and mothers: An introduction to the freeBILy project. 3267 9