UNIPROT:P01034 - FACTA Search

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Query: UNIPROT:P01034 (cystatin C)
3,397 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The clinical significance of serum cathepsin K and cystatin C was assessed in patients with breast cancer (BCa) or prostate cancer (PCa) with confined disease (M0) or bone metastasis (BM). Cathepsin K and cystatin C circulating levels were determined by ELISAs in 63 cancer patients, in 35 patients with nonmalignant diseases and in 42 healthy blood donors (control group). In BCa patients, cathepsin K serum levels were significantly lower than in sex matched control group (HS; p=0.0008) or in patients with primary osteoporosis (OP; p=0.0009). On the contrary, cystatin C levels were significantly higher in BCa patients than in HS (p=0.0001) or OP (p=0.017). In PCa patients, cathepsin K concentrations did not significantly differ from those measured in sex matched HS or in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Conversely, cystatin C was more elevated in cancer patients than in controls (p=0.0001) or BPH patients (p=0.0078). Furthermore, in PCa patients, a positive correlation was observed between cystatin C and cathepsin K (r(S)=0.34; p=0.047). No further relationship was highlighted between these molecules and the clinicobiological parameters of BCa or PCa progression including the number of bone lesions. Moreover, ROC curve analysis showed a poor diagnostic performance of cathepsin K and cystatin C in the detection of BM patients. Interestingly, the administration of zoledronic acid (ZA), a bisphosphonate derivative endowed with a potent antiosteoclastic activity, induced in BM patients a marked increase of cathepsin K and cystatin C serum levels compared to baseline values. However, this phenomenon was statistically significant only in the PCa group. In conclusion Cystatin C and cathepsin K may be regarded as possible markers to monitor the therapeutic response to bisphosphonate treatments. Nevertheless, their clinical value as specific gauges of skeletal metastasis remains questionable.
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PMID:Circulating cathepsin K and cystatin C in patients with cancer related bone disease: clinical and therapeutic implications. 1772 92

The RAD18 gene, located on the human chromosome 3p24-p25, plays a crucial role in post-replication repair (PRR) in various organisms from yeast to humans. In the human RAD18 gene, one coding single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at codon 302, encoding either arginine (Arg, CGA) or glutamine (Gln, CAA), was reported. Although the molecular function of the RAD18 protein came to be elucidated, the association between the RAD18 Arg302Gln polymorphism and the risk of human cancer development was not examined. Therefore, we investigated the relationship between the polymorphism and the development of human primary colorectal cancer (CRC). The Arg302Gln polymorphism in 100 patients with CRC and 200 healthy controls were genotyped by the polymerase chain reaction with confronting two-pair primer (PCR-CTPP) assay. The Gln/Gln genotype was significantly more frequent in CRC (18.0%) than in the healthy controls (11.5%) (p=0.046). The increased risk was detected in CRC patients with the Gln/Gln genotype (Odds ratio [OR], 2.10; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.00 to 4.40). When the relationship of the SNP with clinicopathological parameters of CRC was investigated, particularly in the well-differentiated grade and in the lymph node metastasis (N1) CRC patients, significantly higher risks were detected (OR, 7.00; 95% CI, 1.19-41.1 and OR, 3.71; 95% CI, 1.30-10.6, respectively). These results suggested that the RAD18 Arg302Gln polymorphism is associated with the risk of CRC. This report provides evidence for an association between the RAD18 Arg302Gln polymorphism and human CRC risk.
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PMID:Single nucleotide polymorphism in the RAD18 gene and risk of colorectal cancer in the Japanese population. 1791 68

Evaluation of renal function should be performed as part of the follow-up during and after chemotherapy in pediatric cancer patients. The aim of this study was to compare an isotope clearance method [isotope glomerular filtration rate (iGFR)] with alternative methods to determine GFR in such patients. Isotope GFR [(99m)Tc-labeled diethylene triaminopentoacetic acid (DTPA) or (51)Cr-labeled ethylenediaminetetra-acetate (EDTA)] was measured in 36 children (112 studies) and compared with simultaneously measured creatinine clearance (CrCl), serum creatinine (SCr), and cystatin C (CysC) concentrations, as well as the results of Schwartz, Counahan-Barratt, and Cockroft-Gault formulae, using general linear mixed models. Our results showed a significant association between iGFR and CysC concentrations (p < 0.001). No linear relationship was observed between CrCl and iGFR (p = 0.7). As expected, the results of height-based formulae (Counahan-Barratt and Schwartz) had significantly (p = 0.004) better correlation to iGFR than the results of a formula based on weight (Cockroft-Gault) (p = 0.19). Despite significant linear correlation, intraclass correlation coefficients showed poor agreement. Tests of similarity between iGFR estimates showed differences between average values of GFR. Therefore, determination of iGFR remains the method of choice in estimation of GFR in cancer patients. In our study population, assay of serum CysC was the most reliable alternative method to measure glomerular function.
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PMID:Comparison of glomerular function tests in children with cancer. 1821 46

The clinical significance of serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) and its correlation with cystatin C (Cyst C), an endogenous inhibitor of cysteine proteinase cathepsin K, was investigated by immunoassays in patients with bone metastasis from breast cancer (BCa) or prostate cancer (PCa). Additional studies were also performed in these patients to assess the effects of zoledronic acid (ZA) administration on the circulating levels of these molecules. Mean IL-6 and Cyst C serum concentrations were significantly increased in BCa patients and in patients with primary osteoporosis (PO) compared to healthy subjects (HS). However, Cyst C, but not IL-6, resulted significantly more elevated in BCa patients than in PO patients. Furthermore, in BCa patients no correlation was highlighted between IL-6 and Cyst C or between these molecules and some clinicobiological parameters of malignant progression. Mean IL-6 levels were also higher in PCa patients and in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) than in HS while Cyst C resulted significantly higher in PCa but not in BPH patients as compared to HS. In PCa patients, a positive correlation was highlighted between IL-6 and number of bone metastases or serum prostate-specific antigen but not with the Gleason score. Conversely, Cyst C levels did not correlate with any of the parameters considered above or with IL-6. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis showed a poor diagnostic accuracy of IL-6 and Cyst C to detect BCa patients with skeletal metastases while, in PCa patients, only IL-6 showed a fair diagnostic performance in this respect. Finally, the administration of ZA to patients with bone metastases induced a statistically significant increase of serum IL-6 and Cyst C only PCa patients with bone metastasis. These data indicate that IL-6 and Cyst C may be regarded as novel targets for cancer treatment and as markers of increased osteoblastic activity associated to bisphosphonate treatments in PCa patients with bone metastases.
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PMID:Serum interleukin-6 in patients with metastatic bone disease: correlation with cystatin C. 1846 Dec 89

Formation of multiple and scattered metastases in target organs, leading to disruption of organ functional integrity, is the death-determining step for most lethal cancers. In the clinic, elevated expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) is often associated with increased aggressiveness of cancer. We demonstrated that elevated host expression of TIMP-1 leads to the promotion of scattered liver metastases in mice, associated with increased activity of cysteine proteases (CPs). This study aimed for reduction of TIMP-1-promoted experimental liver metastases of lacZ-tagged human fibrosarcoma cells by overexpression of cystatin C, a natural inhibitor of CPs, in the murine host. Although CP inhibition reduced TIMP-induced proteolytic activity, the TIMP-1-induced increase in total tumor cell burden in livers was not significantly reduced. However, overexpression of cystatin C in livers with elevated TIMP-1 led to the formation of large multicellular metastatic foci in 42% of the mice. This formation was associated with increased expression of plasminogen activators (PAs). Additional overexpression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-2 prevented the formation of macrometastatic foci as well as the TIMP-1-induced increase in total tumor cell burden. This demonstrates that PAs are crucial for the prometastatic activity of TIMP-1 and led to the assumption that patients with elevated TIMP-1 expression may benefit from an antiproteolytic treatment directed against PAs.
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PMID:Plasminogen activator inhibitor-2, but not cystatin C, inhibits the prometastatic activity of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 in the liver. 1868 31

Altered protease activity is considered important for tumour invasion and metastasis, processes in which the cysteine proteases cathepsin B and L are involved. Their natural inhibitor cystatin C is a secreted protein, suggesting that it functions to control extracellular protease activity. Because cystatins added to cell cultures can inhibit polio, herpes simplex and coronavirus replication, which are intracellular processes, the internalization and intracellular regulation of cysteine proteases by cystatin C should be considered. The extension, mechanism and biological importance of this hypothetical process are unknown. We investigated whether internalization of cystatin C occurs in a set of human cell lines. Demonstrated by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy, A-431, MCF-7, MDA-MB-453, MDA-MB-468 and Capan-1 cells internalized fluorophore-conjugated cystatin C when exposed to physiological concentrations (1 microm). During cystatin C incubation, intracellular cystatin C increased after 5 min and accumulated for at least 6 h, reaching four to six times the baseline level. Western blotting showed that the internalized inhibitor was not degraded. It was functionally intact and extracts of cells exposed to cystatin C showed a higher capacity to inhibit papain and cathepsin B than control cells (decrease in enzyme activity of 34% and 37%, respectively). The uptake of labelled cystatin C was inhibited by unlabelled inhibitor, suggesting a specific pathway for the internalization. We conclude that the cysteine protease inhibitor cystatin C is internalized in significant quantities in various cancer cell lines. This is a potentially important physiological phenomenon not previously described for this group of inhibitors.
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PMID:Internalization of cystatin C in human cell lines. 1869 80

A 25-year-old female with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) presented with an abdominal tumor just below the scar due to a colectomy performed 15 months previously. This tumor (tumor A) measured 7 cm in diameter, was diagnosed as a desmoid tumor of the abdominal wall, and was excised. Despite the subsequent administration of sulindac (300 mg daily for 1 year), a desmoid tumor recurred at the same site. Excision was performed again when the tumor was 8 cm in diameter, and examination revealed it to consist of a large tumor (B) and a small tumor (C) that bulged out from tumor B. Germ-line APC analysis showed a C deletion at codon 1460 resulting in a stop codon. Two somatic mutations were observed in tumor A: a TCAA deletion at codon 1068 and a deletion of a codon at bp 1192-2097. In tumor B, a somatic mutation was found at codon 1041 changing CAA to TAA. We could not detect any somatic mutations in tumor C. We conclude that somatic mutation analysis of the APC gene can be used to identify whether a recurrent desmoid tumor in a patient with FAP is a new primary tumor or a recurrence from microscopic remnants of the original tumor.
Fam Cancer 2009
PMID:Identification of somatic APC mutations in recurrent desmoid tumors in a patient with familial adenomatous polyposis to determine actual recurrence of the original tumor or de novo occurrence. 1870 58

Cystatin C is a 13-kDa protein, of the cysteine proteinase inhibitor superfamily, produced by all nucleated cells. Its production rate is constant throughout the ages of 1 to 50 years. It is freely filtered at the glomerulus and then resorbed and fully catabolised by proximal renal tubules, making it an ideal marker of glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Serum creatinine, the most established marker of renal function, is affected by age, gender, muscle mass, nutritional status and analytical interference. The abbreviated Modification of Diet in Renal Diseases (MDRD) equation has recently been introduced in an attempt to overcome these shortcomings, but still has many limitations. Cystatin C is not affected by gender, muscle mass, malignancy, its production rate is usually constant and its plasma concentration therefore is dependent only on GFR. Cystatin C has been demonstrated to be more accurate than serum creatinine in the detection of early renal impairment and in specific populations may allow for early detection of renal disease. Cystatin C has also been found to be a strong predictor of long-term clinical outcomes in patients with cardiovascular diseases. Although cystatin C may have advantages in detection of early renal impairment there is a paucity of evidence that it significantly improves clinical decision making over creatinine. This coupled with assay cost may be the reason why cystatin C, although well recognised, has not been introduced into routine operational use, although that may eventuate with emerging evidence.
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PMID:Cystatin C--a paradigm of evidence based laboratory medicine. 1878 43

Cystatins function as cysteine protease inhibitors, are expressed in numerous cell types, and regulate a number of physiological processes. Four cystatins have been extensively studied: cystatin A, cystatin B, cystatin C, and cystatin M. Aberrant regulation of cystatins occurs in a number of diseases, including cancer and certain neurodegenerative disorders. Recent advances in the understanding of cystatin function suggest that these proteins may regulate promotion or suppression of tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis. Cancer is a disease of abnormal gene expression and cancer cells exhibit aberrant epigenetic events (such as DNA methylation), leading to gene silencing. Cystatins are epigenetically silenced through DNA methylation-dependent mechanisms in several forms of cancer, including breast, pancreatic, brain, and lung. These findings suggest that DNA methylation-dependent epigenetic mechanisms may play an important role in the loss of cystatin gene expression and protein function during neoplastic transformation and/or tumor progression. This review summarizes the biological processes in which cystatins function, focuses on the neoplastic events that involve aberrant regulation of cystatins, and discusses the possible epigenetic regulation of cystatins in cancer.
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PMID:Epigenetic regulation of cystatins in cancer. 1927 77

Cystatin C is believed to prevent tumor progression by inhibiting the activities of a family of lysosomal cysteine proteases. However, little is known about the precise mechanism of cystatin C function in prostate cancer. In the present study, we examined the expression of cystatin C and its association with matrix metalloproteinases 2 (MMP2) and androgen receptor (AR) in a tissue microarray comparing benign and malignant specimens from 448 patients who underwent radical prostatectomy for localized prostate cancer. Cystatin C expression was significantly lower in cancer specimens than in benign tissues (p<0.001) and there was a statistically significant inverse correlation between expression of cystatin C and MMP2 (r(s) (2) = -0.056, p = 0.05). There was a clear trend that patients with decreased level of cystatin C had lower overall survival. Targeted inhibition of cystatin C using specific siRNA resulted in an increased invasiveness of PC3 cells, whereas induction of cystatin C overexpression greatly reduced invasion rate of PC3 in vitro. The effect of cystatin C on modulating the PC3 cell invasion was provoked by Erk2 inhibitor that specifically inhibited MAPK/Erk2 activity. This suggests that cystatin C may mediate tumor cell invasion by modulating the activity of MAPK/Erk cascades. Consistent with our immunohistochemical findings that patients with low expression of cystatin C and high expression of androgen receptor (AR) tend to have worse overall survival than patients with high expression of cystatin C and high AR expression, induced overexpression of AR in PC3 cells expressing cystatin C siRNA greatly enhanced the invasiveness of PC3 cells. This suggests that there may be a crosstalk between cystatin C and AR-mediated pathways. Our study uncovers a novel role for cystatin C and its associated cellular pathways in prostate cancer invasion and metastasis.
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PMID:Cystatin C is downregulated in prostate cancer and modulates invasion of prostate cancer cells via MAPK/Erk and androgen receptor pathways. 1995 29

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