Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P00790 (PGA)
 2,475 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The immunogenic potential of tetanus toxoid (TT) was compared when either adsorbed to aluminium hydroxide (TT-alum) or entrapped in microparticles consisting of poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLA:PGA, 55:45) derived polymers. Furthermore, the effect of administering the microparticles in an aqueous buffer or water-in-oil emulsion on the TT immunogenicity was also investigated. When mice were immunized with the different formulations, similar levels of anti-TT antibodies were observed during the primary IgG response. The choice of the carrier seemed to play an important role for both the level and maintenance of the secondary IgG response, attained as a consequence of a booster immunization with TT-alum. The strongest secondary antibody response was obtained by priming with TT-containing microparticles, resuspended in water-in-oil emulsions. As expected, incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) proved to be a more potent adjuvant than peanut oil, whereas resuspension of the microparticles in aqueous solution induced a relatively less efficient antibody response. Overall, microencapsulated TT primed the mice more effectively, since the secondary antibody response was higher and persisted longer compared with TT-alum priming. These results indicate that in addition to TT maintaining its antigenicity after microencapsulation, the microparticles also potentiate its immunogenic properties. This approach should prove very useful for designing more effective vaccines.
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PMID:Parameters affecting the immunogenicity of microencapsulated tetanus toxoid. 152 81

Genoa salami, proscuittini and proscuitto were prepared from pork carcasses that were heavily infected experimentally with Trichinella spiralis spiralis. Genoa salami was prepared with salt concentrations of 2.0%, 2.75% and 3.3%. Proscuitto was prepared by two procedures approved by Agriculture Canada. At various times postpreparation, samples of the various cured products were taken and examined by pepsin digestion and rat bioassay for the presence of viable trichinae. Water activity and pH of the cured meat were also determined. Curing of the various products was shown to destroy the Trichinella larvae. Pepsin digestion revealed that larvae progressively became loosely coiled, uncoiled and more subject to digestion (ghost larvae) during the curing process. Rat bioassay revealed the presence of viable trichinae in the proscuitto prepared using a sodium chloride salt mixture at day 34 but not at day 48 postpreparation. All other bioassays carried out on Genoa salami between 13 and 42 days postpreparation, on proscuittini between days 27 and 69 and on proscuitto between days 34 and 69 were negative for viable trichinae. Under the conditions of this study, preparing Genoa salami with salt concentrations as low as 2% did not appear to affect the destruction of Trichinella larvae.
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PMID:Destruction of Trichinella spiralis spiralis during the preparation of the "dry cured" pork products proscuitto, proscuittini and Genoa salami. 291 29

The effects of enzymatic digestion on the iron-solubilizing properties of chicken muscle were examined. A water-soluble extract, an acid-soluble extract, and an acid-insoluble fraction were subjected to a simulated gastrointestinal digestion using pancreatin and/or pepsin: The solubility of added Fe was significantly affected only by the acid-insoluble fraction and increased linearly as pepsin digestion progressed from 0 to 4 h. A maximum was reached when this treatment was followed by a 1-h pancreatin digestion. Pepsin digestion products with molecular weight (MW) less than 10,000 solubilized significantly more Fe than those with MW greater than or equal to 10,000. In contrast pancreatin digestion products of MW less than 10,000 were not effective Fe-solubilizing agents. The influence of chicken breast muscle on added Fe solubility appears to be related to the production of digestion intermediates that can act as ligands in the formation of soluble Fe complexes.
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PMID:Solubility of inorganic iron as affected by proteolytic digestion. 312 41

Twelve patients with intractable nonunions of the femoral diaphyseal or metaphyseal-diaphyseal shaft were successfully treated by a combination of internal fixation and implants of human bone morphogenetic protein (h-BMP). There was an average of 4.3 surgical procedures per patient attempting union prior to h-BMP implantation. Union was obtained in 11 of 12 patients and in one patient with a repeat stabilization and implantation of h-BMP. Four patients received autogeneic cancellous bone graft and four patients received allogeneic bone grafts. The BMP implant was prepared in the form of an aggregate of h-BMP and bone matrix water-insoluble noncollagenous proteins (h-BMP/iNCP). Fifty to 100 mg of h-BMP/iNCP was either implanted in the fracture gap in ultra thin gelatin capsules, or incorporated in a strip of polylactic/polyglycolic acid copolymer (PLA/PGA) and placed as an onlay across the fracture gap. The average time to union was 4.7 months. Further clinical investigations are planned as a series of matched cases with and without BMP augmentation in order to distinguish h-BMP effects from new or improved methods of fracture fixation combined with autogeneic cancellous bone grafts.
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PMID:Bone morphogenetic protein augmentation grafting of resistant femoral nonunions. A preliminary report. 328 78

Changes in the flexural and/or tensile strength of plates and rods made of PGA/PLA copolymer submerged in water for a period of 4 wk were investigated. During this time, the effects of PGA/PLA fibre self-reinforcement, carbon fibre reinforcement and gold plating on tensile and/or flexural strength were examined. The results were used for evaluation of the surgical applications of PGA/PLA copolymer and its composites. The initial tensile strength of non-reinforced material was 45 Mpa and its flexural strength was 150 MPa: the flexural strength of self-reinforced material was 265 MPa. The tensile strength of carbon fibre reinforced material was 90 MPa and its flexural strength 190 MPa. The initial strengths of plated and unplated samples were the same but plating delayed the loss of the mechanical strength of carbon fibre reinforced samples. After 4 wk the flexural strength of self-reinforced and carbon fibre reinforced samples was decreased to the level of cancellous bone (10-20 MPa) while the flexural strength of non-reinforced samples was below that level (less than or equal to 5 MPa). The results suggested that self-reinforced PGA/PLA composites may be used for the treatment of fractures in cancellous bone. Positive animal experiments led to clinical studies in vivo. These studies showed that there was no difference in outcome between 2 groups of patients with displaced fractures of the ankle treated with metallic implants or PGA/PLA fibre self-reinforced implants, respectively. Self-reinforced biodegradable implants are now used routinely in Helsinki University Central Hospital.
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PMID:The effects of fibre reinforcement and gold plating on the flexural and tensile strength of PGA/PLA copolymer materials in vitro. 382 44

The initial shear strength and changes in flexural strength of self-reinforced, absorbable polyglycolide (PGA) composite rods, submerged in distilled water (at 37 degrees C) for a period of 6 wk, were investigated. The recently developed self-reinforced absorbable material consists of an absorbable polymeric matrix reinforced with fibres of the same polymer. The initial shear strength of self-reinforced cylindrical PGA rods with a diameter of 3.2 mm was 250 MPa and the initial flexural strength of the rods was 370 MPa. During the first week of immersion the level of flexural strength decreased very little i.e. to 320 MPa. The loss of flexural strength increased after 1 wk immersion. However, after 3 wk it was 90 MPa. After 5 wk the flexural strength decreased to the level of strength of cancellous bone i.e. 10-20 MPa. The gamma-irradiation of the PGA rods (total dosage 2.5 Mrad) decreased the initial bending strength to 300 MPa but the hydrolytic behaviour of the rods was not changed. The in vitro strength and the strength retention of self-reinforced PGA rods are clearly better than the corresponding values for self-reinforced glycolide/lactide copolymer rods which we developed recently. Self-reinforced PGA rods are now used routinely in Helsinki University Central Hospital in the treatment of certain types of cancellous bone fracture.
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PMID:Strength and strength retention in vitro, of absorbable, self-reinforced polyglycolide (PGA) rods for fracture fixation. 382 45

Gastroduodenal mucus is present as a water insoluble gel adherent to the mucosal surface and as a viscous mobile solution in the lumen. The protective properties of the mucus against acid (with bicarbonate), pepsin (diffusion barrier) and mechanical damage depend on the quality (structure) and quantity (thickness) of the adherent mucus gel layer. Adherent mucus is a viscoelastic gel which is 95% (v/v) water. It is permeable to ions and smaller molecules (Mr c. 1000), but is impermeable to large proteins (Mr c. 17,000) including pepsins. However, mucus is solubilized rapidly by pepsin, more slowly (greater than or equal to 1 h) by thiol agents, and is unchanged following exposure to bile, acid and ethanol (less than 40%). Glycoprotein macromolecules (Mr greater than or equal to 2 X 10(6] are the structural components of the mucus gel and have a polymeric structure of glycoprotein subunits (Mr c. 5 X 10(5), for gastric mucus) joined by disulphide bridges between their protein cores. This glycoprotein polymerization, which is essential for gel formation and hence function, is the site of action of proteolytic enzymes and thiol agents. The glycoprotein polymeric structure is deficient in antral mucus from patients with peptic ulcer disease. In vivo, adherent mucus forms a thin but continuous cover of variable thickness (50-450 micron in man, about two-fold less in rat) over the gastroduodenal mucosa. Pepsin in gastric juice will rapidly dissolve this mucus cover and can be active up to luminal pH values of 5.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Adherent and soluble mucus in the stomach and duodenum. 393 55

1. Slices or bits of rabbit tissues, not exceeding 100 mg, were incubated in tissue culture medium containing tritium-labelled prostaglandin ([(3)H]PG). In some experiments, incubation medium also contained saturating concentrations of an unlabelled prostaglandin (PG), or [(14)C]-sucrose for determination of extracellular space. At the end of the incubation period, usually 1 hr, the tissues were removed and weighed, and their (3)H (and (14)C) content were determined along with that of a unit volume of medium.2. Tissues known to play a central role in PG metabolism (lung and liver) and in its excretion (kidney cortex) and tissues which have a known function in blood-brain and blood-ocular barriers (choroid plexuses and ciliary processes) show a large accumulation of (3)H when incubated in a medium containing [(3)H]PGE(1). In addition, tissues of the female reproductive tract, and the aorta of the rabbit show similar (3)H accumulation. When uncorrected for tissue solid content or extracellular water volume, the extent of this accumulation is two- to sixfold. Calculated on the basis that all excess (3)H is present in the free form in the intracellular water, the accumulation ratio for ciliary processes, for example, indicates an over fortysix-fold gradient of PGE(1) across the cell membrane.3. Tissues which accumulate [(3)H]PGE(1) also accumulate [(3)H]PGA(1), [(3)H]PGF(1alpha) and [(3)H]PGF(2alpha). In some tissues specificity is, however, apparent; in the lung accumulation of [(3)H]PGA(1) was significantly greater than that of [(3)H]PGF(1alpha).4. The extent of [(3)H]PGE(1) accumulation was decreased, or in some tissues completely inhibited, by incubation at 2 degrees C, or by addition of large concentrations of unlabelled PG.5. Accumulation of [(3)H]PGE(1) by the foetal liver is not apparent on the 20th day of gestation, but is fully developed by the 30th day of gestation. The foetal lung does not accumulate [(3)H]PGE(1) at any stage of gestation.6. In some tissues, most notably muscle, there appears to be full equilibrium of [(3)H]PGE(1) between tissue water and medium within 1 hr of incubation.7. PGs are partially excluded from the intracellular volume of some other tissues, most notably the spleen and subcutaneous connective tissues. This apparent exclusion cannot be blocked by incubation in the cold, or by the addition of saturating levels of unlabelled PG.8. The simplest explanation for all observed results is that cell membranes are, in general, impermeable to PGs. However, there are specific, carrier-mediated mechanisms across some membranes which facilitate the entry of PGs. In some cells these transport mechanisms are linked to a source of metabolic energy, and/or to the counter-transport of some other substance, thus allowing net accumulation of PGs against a concentration gradient. Alternatively, (3)H accumulation may represent adsorption of [(3)H]PGs or one of their labelled metabolites on to specific adsorption sites.
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PMID:Accumulation and apparent active transport of prostaglandins by some rabbit tissues in vitro. 502 Sep 82

Pharmacological screening tests have been done in order to provide an initial assessment of the new antacid compound almagate (aluminium-magnesium hydroxycarbonate hydrate, Al2Mg6(OH)14(CO3)2 X 4 H2O, Almax). In rats with pyloric ligatures, almagate (125-500 mg/kg) was significantly more potent than aluminium hydroxide in raising the pH and reducing the total acidity of the gastric juice produced, without affecting the volume secreted. Pepsin activity in the gastric juice was also significantly inhibited by almagate even after adjustment to the optimal enzyme pH 2, a phenomenon not demonstrable with aluminium hydroxide. Almagate in oral doses up to 3 g/kg was without effects on the central, autonomic and somatic nervous systems in mice, nor at 500 mg/kg did it influence the cardiovascular system or blood pressure responses to agonist drugs in anaesthetised cats. The results confirm almagate to be a potent antacid drug devoid of systemic pharmacological or toxicological effects.
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PMID:Pharmacological studies with almagate, a potent new antacid compound. 654 22

A component, termed pyridinoline, has been reported to be derived from 'lysine aldehyde' (2,6-diaminohexanaldehyde) and designated as the stable cross-link of mature collagen. Commerically prepared collagen and freshly obtained mature bovine tendon collagen were both investigated with regard to their pyridinoline content. Both sources of material could be depleted of this component by mild washing procedures. Pepsin-solubilized collagen and peptides derived from CNBr cleavage of intact collagen did not contain the compound. Pure pyridinoline was isolated and shown to be hydrolysed by water, as previously reported, but neither hydroxylysine nor lysine could be ds not a cross-linking component of collagen.
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PMID:An investigation of pyridinoline, and putative collagen cross-link. 677 52


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