Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Pepsin was immobilized on ethyl-bridged hybrid (BEH) particles, and digestion performance was evaluated in a completely online format, with the specific intent of using the particles for hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX MS) experiments. Because the BEH particles are mechanically strong, they could withstand prolonged, continuous high-pressure at 10,000 psi. Online digestion was performed under isobaric conditions with continuous solvent flow, in contrast to other approaches where the pressure or flow is cycled. As expected, digestion efficiency at 10,000 psi was increased and reproducibly produced more peptic peptides versus digestion at 1000 psi. Prototype columns made with the BEH pepsin particles exhibited robust performance, and deuterium back-exchange was similar to that of other immobilized pepsin particles. These particles can be easily incorporated in existing HDX MS workflows to provide more peptide coverage in experiments where fast, efficient, and reproducible online pepsin digestion is desired.
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PMID:Pepsin immobilized on high-strength hybrid particles for continuous flow online digestion at 10,000 psi. 2285 22

Studies of protein dynamics, structure and interactions using hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) have sharply increased over the past 5-10 years. The predominant technology requires fast digestion at pH 2-3 to retain deuterium label. Pepsin is used almost exclusively, but it provides relatively low efficiency under the constraints of the experiment, and a selectivity profile that renders poor coverage of intrinsically disordered regions. In this study we present nepenthesin-containing secretions of the pitcher plant Nepenthes, commonly called monkey cups, for use in HDX-MS. We show that nepenthesin is at least 1400-fold more efficient than pepsin under HDX-competent conditions, with a selectivity profile that mimics pepsin in part, but also includes efficient cleavage C-terminal to "forbidden" residues K, R, H, and P. High efficiency permits a solution-based analysis with no detectable autolysis, avoiding the complication of immobilized enzyme reactors. Relaxed selectivity promotes high coverage of disordered regions and the ability to "tune" the mass map for regions of interest. Nepenthesin-enriched secretions were applied to an analysis of protein complexes in the nonhomologous end-joining DNA repair pathway. The analysis of XRCC4 binding to the BRCT domains of Ligase IV points to secondary interactions between the disordered C-terminal tail of XRCC4 and remote regions of the BRCT domains, which could only be identified with a nepenthesin-based workflow. HDX data suggest that stalk-binding to XRCC4 primes a BRCT conformation in these remote regions to support tail interaction, an event which may be phosphoregulated. We conclude that nepenthesin is an effective alternative to pepsin for all HDX-MS applications, and especially for the analysis of structural transitions among intrinsically disordered proteins and their binding partners.
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PMID:Nepenthesin from monkey cups for hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry. 2319 91

Insight into the structure-function relationship of membrane proteins is important to understand basic cell function and inform drug development, as these are common targets for drugs. Hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) is an established technique for the study of protein conformational dynamics and has shown compatibility with membrane proteins. However, the digestion and mass analysis of peptides from membrane proteins can be challenging, severely limiting the HDX-MS experiment. Here we compare the digestion of four integral membrane proteins-Cl-/H+ exchange transporter (ClC-ec1), leucine transporter (LeuT), dopamine transporter (DAT), and serotonin transporter (SERT)-by the use of porcine pepsin and three alternative aspartic proteases either in-solution or immobilized on-column in an optimized HDX-MS-compatible workflow. Pepsin was the most favorable for the digestion of ClC-ec1 and LeuT, providing coverage of 82.2 and 33.2% of the respective protein sequence; however, the alternative proteases surpassed pepsin for the digestion of DAT and SERT. By also screening quench solution additives, we observe that the denaturant urea was beneficial, resulting in improved sequence coverage of all membrane proteins, in contrast to guanidine hydrochloride. Furthermore, significant improvements in sequence coverage were achieved by tailoring the chromatography to handle hydrophobic peptides. Overall, we demonstrate that the susceptibility of membrane proteins to proteolytic digestion during HDX-MS is highly protein-specific. Our results highlight the importance of having multiple proteases and different quench buffer additives in the HDX-MS toolbox and the need to carefully screen a range of digestion conditions to successfully optimize the HDX-MS analysis of integral membrane proteins.
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PMID:Improving the Sequence Coverage of Integral Membrane Proteins during Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry Experiments. 3140 20