Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P00750 (PLA)
 16,800 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Lipoxin A(4) (LXA(4)) is a potent negative modulator of the inflammatory response. The antiinflammatory activities of LXA(4), such as inhibition of agonist-induced polymorphonuclear cell (PMN) chemotaxis and upregulation of beta-2 integrins, require the expression of a G-protein-coupled, high-affinity LXA(4) receptor (LXA(4)R). We now report that stimulation of PMN with proinflammatory agonist N-formyl peptides (FMLP), calcium ionophore A(23187), or phorbol mirystate acetate (PMA) is followed by marked downregulation of LXA(4) binding (B(max) decrease of approximately 45%) and decreased activation of phospholipases A(2) (PLA(2)) and D (PLD). Elucidation of the mechanisms underlying these effects was addressed by structure-function analyses of the intracellular domains of LXA(4)R. Mutant molecule, S236/S237 --> A/G (LXA(4)R(pk)) and Y302 --> F (LXA(4)R(tk)) were obtained by site-directed mutagenesis to yield receptors lacking the putative targets for serine/threonine kinase- or tyrosine kinase-dependent phosphorylation. Expression of wild-type and mutated LXA(4)R sequences in CHO and HL-60 cells was used to examine LXA(4) ligand-receptor interactions and signal transduction events. Results indicated that cells expressing LXA(4)R(pk) or LXA(4)R(tk) displayed sustained activation of PLA(2) and PLD in contrast to the transient ones obtained with LXA(4)R(wt) (peak activation at 2-3 min). Moreover, inhibition of LXA(4)-dependent PLA(2) activity by PMA in LXA(4)R(wt) transfected CHO cells was not observed in cells expressing LXA(4)R(pk). Phosphopeptide immunoblotting revealed that the functional differences between wild-type and mutant LXA(4) receptors are accompanied by distinct changes in the receptor protein phosphorylation pattern. Further characterization of these and related LXA(4)R intracellular domains will help to better understand specific events that regulate the antiinflammatory activities of LXA(4).
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PMID:Mutations of serine 236-237 and tyrosine 302 residues in the human lipoxin A4 receptor intracellular domains result in sustained signaling. 1106 92

c-Raf-1 is a proximal serine/threonine kinase in the signaling cascade of many mitogens. The cellular mechanisms responsible for regulation of this kinase remain ill-defined. Although c-Raf-1-associated proteins have been identified, including Ras, none of these have been found to activate c-Raf-1 kinase in vitro. To evaluate whether arachidonic acid or one of its products is implicated in c-Raf-1 activation, c-Raf-1 activity was measured in LLC-PK(1) kidney epithelial cells overexpressing the 100 kDa phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)). As compared to control neomycin plasmid transfected cells, the cells overexpressing PLA(2) had a greater activation of c-Raf-1 in response to A23187 and phorbol ester stimulation. To explore the possibility that c-Raf-1 activity may be modulated directly by lipids, the enzymatic characteristics of c-Raf-1 were determined, and the effects of various possible lipid modulators on c-Raf-1 activity were examined. The K(m) of c-Raf-1 for ATP and mitogen-activiated protein kinase kinase (MAPKK), the only known physiologic substrate of c-Raf-1, were 11.6 &mgr;M and 0.8 &mgr;M, respectively. Of 13 lipids or combinations of lipids tested, including arachidonic acid and several eicosanoids, only phosphatidylserine and diacylglycerol in the presence of CA(2+) (2.5 mM) increased c-Raf-1 kinase activity significantly. The increase (1.5-fold) was approximately two orders of magnitude less than the stimulation of protein kinase C by these lipids. c-Raf-1 kinase activity and immunoreactivity eluted on gel filtration at a predicted molecular mass of greater than 150 kDa, suggesting that active c-Raf-1 is part of a multimeric complex. The absence of immunoreactive Ras in the active fractions confirms that the interaction is not necessary to maintain c-Raf-1 in an active state. In conclusion, a product of PLA(2) may play a role, together with Ras and another unidentified cofactor, in activating c-Raf-1. This lipid mediator(s) may directly or indirectly regulate the activity of c-Raf-1, but the identity of the mediator and its mode of interaction with c-Raf-1 and its associated proteins remain unclear.
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PMID:Phospholipase A(2) and Lipids as Potential Modulators of c-Raf-1 Kinase. 1186 63

Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is a serpin that suppresses fibrinolysis by inhibiting the activity of plasminogen activator (PA). Together with PA, PAI-1 is expressed in the central nervous system and may play a role in the regulation of PA activity. Our present study has demonstrated that, in cultures of PC-12 neurons, depletion of PAI-1 from the culture medium induces disappearance of the cell's neurites and the cell death. Aprotinin and antipain, the inhibitors of PA, were not counterparts of PAI-1 in the protection of neurite disappearance. We also found that PAI-1 had the abilities to promote release of the survival factors of neurons, IL-6 and VEGF and activation of a survival serine/threonine kinase Akt. These results suggest that PAI-1 has physiological functions other than its role as PA inhibitor for the survival of neurons.
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PMID:[A novel function of anti-fibrinolytic factor, PAI-1, in the central nervous system: a possible role as the neurotrophic factor]. 1249 82

Proteome analysis by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) together with mass spectrometry was applied to screen acute phase response (APR)-related proteins with low molecular weight in loach skin following injury. Furthermore, Western blotting and function tests were applied to confirm the results obtained from the proteomic study. Fifteen APR-related proteins with sixteen spots (PLA with two spots) on a 2-DE map were identified in this study. Furthermore, six were known acute phase proteins including galactose-binding lectin (GBL), lysozyme, C3, CD59, double PLA and 50s ribosomal protein; while ATP kinase, zinc finger protein 183, alpha-neurotoxin homology, angiostatin, serine/threonine kinase, metalloproteinase inhibitor, regulator of G-protein 4, cryptdin-9 and disintegrin trigranin were found by our lab to be APR-related proteins. In addition, our results suggest that proteomes with low molecular weight can be characterized by 2-DE with a Tris-tricine system followed by mass spectrometry.
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PMID:Proteomic approach to identify acute phase response-related proteins with low molecular weight in loach skin following injury. 1546 90

Chromosome walking in mammalian DNA by vectorette PCR is not always very specific, and the walks have been limited to distances <1 kb. To improve the method, we have designed new vectorettes, which unlike the currently used ones have very little repetitive sequences or homology with known DNA sequences of various origins in the data banks. We have tested these new vectorettes for chromosome walking in human p53 tumor suppressor gene, human tissue-type plasminogen activator gene, and mouse stanniocalcin gene with good success. In chromosome walking of the human p53 gene, we isolated gene-specific fragments of 2.4. kb, and by walking in a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clone carrying the mouse stanniocalcin gene, we isolated fragments up to about 7 kb in size. We further sequenced the 5' region of the p53 gene and found that the nucleotides upstream of -1009 are transcribed in antisense orientation into a messenger RNA (mRNA) (flj10385) encoding a putative serine/threonine kinase.
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PMID:Vectorettes for long chromosome walking in genomic DNA of the human p53 gene. 1551 80

Necrotic cell death has long been considered an accidental and uncontrolled mode of cell death. But recently it has become clear that necrosis is a molecularly regulated event that is associated with pathologies such as ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury, neurodegeneration and pathogen infection. The serine/threonine kinase receptor-interacting protein 1 (RIP1) plays a crucial role during the initiation of necrosis induced by ligand-receptor interactions. On the other hand, ATP depletion is an initiating factor in ischemia-induced necrotic cell death. Common players in necrotic cell death irrespective of the stimulus are calcium and reactive oxygen species (ROS). During necrosis, elevated cytosolic calcium levels typically lead to mitochondrial calcium overload, bioenergetics effects, and activation of proteases and phospholipases. ROS initiates damage to lipids, proteins and DNA and consequently results in mitochondrial dysfunction, ion balance deregulation and loss of membrane integrity. Membrane destabilization during necrosis is also mediated by other factors, such as acid-sphingomyelinase (ASM), phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) and calpains. Furthermore, necrotic cells release immunomodulatory factors that lead to recognition and engulfment by phagocytes and the subsequent immunological response. The knowledge of the molecular mechanisms involved in necrosis has contributed to our under-standing of necrosis-associated pathologies. In this review we will focus on the intracellular and intercellular signaling events in necrosis induced by different stimuli, such as oxidative stress, cytokines and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), which can be linked to several pathologies such as stroke, cardiac failure, neurodegenerative diseases, and infections.
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PMID:Molecular mechanisms and pathophysiology of necrotic cell death. 1847 20

Tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) is found in the intravascular space and in the central nervous system. The low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) is expressed in neurons and in perivascular astrocytes. During cerebral ischemia, tPA induces the shedding of LRP's extracellular domain from perivascular astrocytes, and this is followed by the development of cerebral edema. Protein kinase B (Akt) is a serine/threonine kinase that plays a critical role not only in cell survival but also in the regulation of the permeability of the blood-brain barrier. We found that, in the early phases of the ischemic insult, the interaction between tPA and LRP induces Akt phosphorylation (pAkt) in perivascular astrocytes and inhibits pAkt in neurons. Coimmunoprecipitation studies indicate that pAkt and LRP's intracellular domain interact in perivascular astrocytes and that this interaction is dependent on the presence of tPA and results in the development of edema. Together, these results indicate that, in the early stages of cerebral ischemia, the interaction between tPA and LRP in perivascular astrocytes induces the activation of a cell signaling event mediated by pAkt that leads to increase in the permeability of the blood-brain barrier.
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PMID:Tissue-type plasminogen activator and the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein induce Akt phosphorylation in the ischemic brain. 1862 88