UNIPROT:P00750 - FACTA Search

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Query: UNIPROT:P00750 (PLA)
16,800 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This study aim was to assess the effects of rebamipide on the mechanism of histamine release and biosynthesis and release of leukotrienes caused by mast cell activation. We purified mast cells from guinea pig lung tissues by the use of enzyme digestion, the rough and the discontinuous density percoll gradient method. Mast cells were sensitized with IgG1 (anti-OVA) antibody and challenged with ovalbumin. Mast cells were also stimulated with A23187 and the intracellular Ca(2+) level was measured. Histamine and leukotrienes were measured by automated fluorometric analyzer and radioimmunoassay, respectively. The intracellular Ca(2+) level was analyzed using a confocal laser scanning microscope. Protein kinase C (PKC) activity was determined by protein phosphorylated with [gamma-(32)P]ATP. The phospholipase D activity was assessed by the labeled phosphatidylalcohol. Mass 1,2-diacylglycerol (DAG) was measured by the [(3)H]DAG produced when prelabeled with [(3)H]myristic acid. PLA(2) activity was determined by measuring the arachidonic acid released from the labeled phospholipids. Rebamipide decreased the releases of histamine and leukotrienes, and completely blocked Ca(2+) influx during mast cell activation by antigen-antibody reactions. It also decreased the release of histamine and leukotrienes during mast cell activation by A23187. The PKC and PLD activities were also decreased by rebamipide in a dose-dependent manner. Rebamipide inhibited the mass DAG production and PLA(2) activity during mast cell activation. The data suggest that rebamipide inhibits intracellular signals and blocks Ca(2+) influx in mast cells activated by specific antigen-antibody reactions, which in turn inhibits histamine release and leukotriene generation.
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PMID:The inhibitory mechanism of rebamipide on the mediator release in the guinea pig lung mast cells activated with specific antigen-antibody reactions. 1159 24

Hypoxia is a common denominator of many vascular disorders, especially those associated with ischemia. To study the effect of oxygen depletion on endothelium, we developed an in vitro model of hypoxia on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Hypoxia strongly activates HUVEC, which then synthesize large amounts of prostaglandins and platelet-activating factor. The first step of this activation is a decrease in ATP content of the cells, followed by an increase in the cytosolic calcium concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) which then activates the phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)). The link between the decrease in ATP and the increase in [Ca(2+)](i) was not known and is investigated in this work. We first showed that the presence of extracellular Na(+) was necessary to observe the hypoxia-induced increase in [Ca(2+)](i) and the activation of PLA(2). This increase was not due to the release of Ca(2+) from intracellular stores, since thapsigargin did not inhibit this process. The Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger was involved since dichlorobenzamil inhibited the [Ca(2+)](i) and the PLA(2) activation. The glycolysis was activated, but the intracellular pH (pH(i)) in hypoxic cells did not differ from control cells. Finally, the hypoxia-induced increase in [Ca(2+)](i) and PLA(2) activation were inhibited by phlorizin, an inhibitor of the Na(+)-glucose cotransport. The proposed biochemical mechanism occurring under hypoxia is the following: glycolysis is first activated due to a requirement for ATP, leading to an influx of Na(+) through the activated Na(+)-glucose cotransport followed by the activation of the Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger, resulting in a net influx of Ca(2+).
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PMID:Hypoxia-induced increase in intracellular calcium concentration in endothelial cells: role of the Na(+)-glucose cotransporter. 1174 21

c-Raf-1 is a proximal serine/threonine kinase in the signaling cascade of many mitogens. The cellular mechanisms responsible for regulation of this kinase remain ill-defined. Although c-Raf-1-associated proteins have been identified, including Ras, none of these have been found to activate c-Raf-1 kinase in vitro. To evaluate whether arachidonic acid or one of its products is implicated in c-Raf-1 activation, c-Raf-1 activity was measured in LLC-PK(1) kidney epithelial cells overexpressing the 100 kDa phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)). As compared to control neomycin plasmid transfected cells, the cells overexpressing PLA(2) had a greater activation of c-Raf-1 in response to A23187 and phorbol ester stimulation. To explore the possibility that c-Raf-1 activity may be modulated directly by lipids, the enzymatic characteristics of c-Raf-1 were determined, and the effects of various possible lipid modulators on c-Raf-1 activity were examined. The K(m) of c-Raf-1 for ATP and mitogen-activiated protein kinase kinase (MAPKK), the only known physiologic substrate of c-Raf-1, were 11.6 &mgr;M and 0.8 &mgr;M, respectively. Of 13 lipids or combinations of lipids tested, including arachidonic acid and several eicosanoids, only phosphatidylserine and diacylglycerol in the presence of CA(2+) (2.5 mM) increased c-Raf-1 kinase activity significantly. The increase (1.5-fold) was approximately two orders of magnitude less than the stimulation of protein kinase C by these lipids. c-Raf-1 kinase activity and immunoreactivity eluted on gel filtration at a predicted molecular mass of greater than 150 kDa, suggesting that active c-Raf-1 is part of a multimeric complex. The absence of immunoreactive Ras in the active fractions confirms that the interaction is not necessary to maintain c-Raf-1 in an active state. In conclusion, a product of PLA(2) may play a role, together with Ras and another unidentified cofactor, in activating c-Raf-1. This lipid mediator(s) may directly or indirectly regulate the activity of c-Raf-1, but the identity of the mediator and its mode of interaction with c-Raf-1 and its associated proteins remain unclear.
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PMID:Phospholipase A(2) and Lipids as Potential Modulators of c-Raf-1 Kinase. 1186 63

Prostacyclin is a powerful vasodilator that is released from vascular endothelial cells. Previous studies in our laboratory have indicated that arachidonic acid metabolites from venous endothelium play an important role in the dilation of adjacent arterioles during muscle stimulation. Furthermore, recent studies have suggested that ATP released from red blood cells during hypoxia stimulates dilation of arterioles. We tested the hypothesis that an ATP-induced increase in intracellular Ca(2+) in venous endothelium promotes prostacyclin synthesis. Small branches of femoral veins were isolated from male golden hamsters, placed in a 1 mL bath, and cannulated for perfusion with 3-(N-morpholino) propanesulfonic acid (MOPS)-buffered physiological salt solution at 37 degrees C. Prostacyclin synthesis was determined by enzyme immunoassay of bath solution. Perfusion of veins with ATP increased prostacyclin synthesis from 50 +/- 5 to 627 +/- 46 pg/mL (n=49). ATP-induced prostacyclin synthesis was inhibited by removal of extracellular Ca(2+), chelation of intracellular Ca(2+) with 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (BAPTA) (10 micromol/L for 10 minutes), and preincubation with cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) inhibitors, AACOCF(3), and bromoenol lactone. Changes in intracellular Ca(2+) in cultured human venous endothelial cells were assessed by fura-2 spectrofluorometry. ATP induced a transient Ca(2+) peak within seconds, and the subsequent Ca(2+) plateau was abolished by removal of extracellular Ca(2+). An increase in prostacyclin synthesis was detected in these cells 2 minutes after application of ATP. These findings suggest that the ATP-induced increase in intracellular Ca(2+) stimulates prostacyclin synthesis in venous endothelial cells.
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PMID:Calcium-dependent synthesis of prostacyclin in ATP-stimulated venous endothelial cells. 1188 12

Exogenous ATP stimulated phospholipase D (PLD), but not sphingomyelinase in rat submandibular gland (SMG) acini. PLD activation was dependent upon extracellular Ca(2+) and did not involve intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization or phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C activation. ATP-stimulated PLD was attenuated by inhibition or downregulation of protein kinase C (PKC). PLD activation was fully blocked by the cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) inhibitor ONO-RS-082 and partially attenuated by the selective Ca(2+)-dependent cytosolic PLA(2) inhibitor, arachidonyl trifluoromethylketone (AACOCF(3)), or by bromoenol lactone, an inhibitor of Ca(2+)-independent cytosolic PLA(2). Magnesium, which decreases the concentration of ATP(4-), and nickel, which blocks nonspecific cation channels coupled to purinergic receptors, inhibited PLD activation by ATP. Using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Northern blotting techniques, we demonstrated that the PLD isoform stimulated by ATP was PLD-2. Among various ATP analogs, only the P2Z/P2X(7) purinergic receptor agonist benzoyl-benzoyl ATP stimulated PLD-2. The response to ATP was inhibited by the nonselective P2X purinergic antagonist suramin and by oxidized ATP, a potent P2Z/P2X(7) receptor antagonist. It is concluded that in rat SMG acinar cells, PLD-2 is upregulated by exogenous ATP through a mechanism involving Ca(2+) influx, cytosolic PLA(2), and PKC. Also, the data suggest an involvement of P2X(7) receptors in PLD-2 stimulation by ATP.
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PMID:Activation of phospholipase D-2 by P2X(7) agonists in rat submandibular gland acini. 1217 68

Phospholipase D (PLD) is present in human placental tissue. Since purinergic receptor agonists activate PLD in many different cell types, we evaluated the purinergic activation of the enzyme in cultured trophoblasts from the placenta. We found that P(2) receptor agonists stimulate PLD. The preferred ligand for P(2X7) (P(2Z)) receptor subtype, BzBz-ATP (10(-3)M ), induced the enzyme more than ten times over basal (unstimulated) activity, while ATP caused a much smaller increase. ATPgammaS, ADP and UTP were even less effective, compared to BzBz-ATP or ATP. AMP and alpha,beta-methyl-ATP, a P(2X) agonist that is uniquely inactive on the P(2X7) subtype, had no effect. This represents the first suggestion of the presence of the P(2X7) type of receptor in human trophoblasts that was directly confirmed by immunoblot detection. The action of BzBz-ATP was dependent upon the presence of calcium in the culture medium and was inhibited by high (5m M ) Mg(++) concentration. P(2X7) receptor subtype specific antagonists, ATP-2',3'-dialdehyde (o-ATP), CBB and the broad specificity P(2) inhibitor PPADS inhibited the effect of BzBz-ATP. Pertussis toxin treatment did not inhibit the effect. Down-regulation of cPKC/nPKC isoforms by prolonged PMA treatment (36 h, 10(-7)M ) prevented the stimulation of PLD by P(2) agonists or the calcium ionophore A-23187. PLA(2) inhibitors did not block the effect of BzBz-ATP. The possibility for a calcium influx related interdependence of PLC and PLD was evaluated. For PLC activation, UTP and ATP surpassed BzBz-ATP, while ionophore did not elevate PLC (assessed by IP(3) measurements). This suggested the predominance of a P(2Y2) receptor in the whole cell in gross activation of PLC. PLD was affected with a reversed order of potency. These results and the dependence of PLD on PKC activity implies that a restricted, membrane localized calcium flux activates PKC and in turn, mediates the P(2X7) dependent stimulation of PLD. This may have implications for physiologic regulation of trophoblast function.
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PMID:Regulation of phospholipase D in human placental trophoblasts by the P(2) purinergic receptor. 1236 78

P2 receptors mediate the actions of the extracellular nucleotides ATP, ADP, UTP, and UDP, regulating several physiologic responses including cardiac function, vascular tone, smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation, platelet aggregation, and the release of endothelial factors. P2 receptor characterization has been hampered by the lack of selective antagonists. The aim of the current study was to investigate the mRNA and protein expression of P2X and P2Y receptors in human SMC and in endothelial cells (EC). Smooth muscle cells were obtained from human mammary artery and EC from human umbilical vein. Using real-time PCR, the authors established quantitative mRNA assays. Protein expression was studied using Western blotting with recently developed antibodies. The P2X1 receptor was highly specific for human SMC, while the P2X4 was the highest expressed receptor in EC. The P2Y2 receptor was present in both SMC and EC. UTP-mediated effects in these cells are likely to be mediated by P2Y2 and not P2Y4 receptors since the latter had considerably lower expression. The P2Y6 receptor was expressed in both SMC and EC. The P2Y1 and surprisingly the P2Y11 receptors were the most abundantly expressed P2Y receptors in the endothelium. Overall, Western blotting confirmed the mRNA findings in most aspects, and most interestingly, indicated oligomerization of the P2Y1 receptor that may be important for its function. In conclusion, P2X1, P2Y2, and P2Y6 are the most expressed P2 receptors in SMC and are thus probably mediating the contractile and mitogenic actions of extracellular nucleotides. The P2X4, P2Y11, P2Y1, and P2Y2 are the most expressed P2 receptors in EC, and are most likely mediating release of nitric oxide, endothelium-dependent hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF), and t-PA induced by extracellular nucleotides. These findings will help to direct future cardiovascular drug development against the large P2 receptor family.
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PMID:P2 receptor expression profiles in human vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells. 1245 17

Extracellular ATP is a pro-inflammatory mediator involved in the release of prostaglandin from articular chondrocytes, but little is known about its effects on intracellular signaling. ATP triggered the rapid release of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) by acting on P2Y(2) receptors in rabbit articular chondrocytes. We have explored the signaling events involved in this synthesis. ATP significantly increased arachidonic acid production, which involved the activation of the 85-kDa cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)) but not a secreted form of PLA(2), as demonstrated by various PLA(2) inhibitors and translocation experiments. We also showed that ATP induced the phosphorylation of p38 and ERK1/2 mitogen-activated-protein kinases (MAPKs). Both PD98059, an inhibitor of the ERK pathway, and SB203580, an inhibitor of p38 MAPK, completely inhibited the ATP-induced release of PGE(2). Finally, dominant-negative plasmids encoding p38 and ERK transfected alone into the cells impaired the ATP-induced release of PGE(2) to about the same extent as both plasmids transfected together. These results suggest that PGE(2) production induced by ATP requires the activation of both ERK1/2 and p38 MAPKs. Thus, ATP acts via P2Y(2)-purine receptors to recruit cPLA(2) by activating both ERK1/2 and p38 MAPKs and stimulates the release of PGE(2) from articular chondrocytes.
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PMID:Concomitant recruitment of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK signalling pathway is required for activation of cytoplasmic phospholipase A2 via ATP in articular chondrocytes. 1259 27

The present study is undertaken to investigate whether the phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) influences mRNA nucleocytoplasmic transport evaluated by nucleoside triphosphatase (NTPase) activity and mRNA export in isolated hepatic nuclear envelope. Isolated hepatic nuclei from rat liver were exposed to PLA(2) (10(-5) approximately 10(-2)/ml) with or without incorporation of nuclei with phosphatidylcholine (PC) liposome. Messenger RNA exports and NTPase activities of nuclear membrane were assayed using ATP and GTP as substrates. We found that the RNA efflux, evaluated by [3H] uridine, was potently decreased in a concentration-dependent manner, by incubation of hepatic nuclei with PLA(2), regardless using ATP or GTP as substrates. The PC content in nuclear membrane was also decreased by PLA(2)-treatment. The PC was incorporated into the nuclear membrane by addition of phospholipid liposomes into the incubation mixture. PC incorporation into the nuclear membrane did not alter mRNA export. However this resulted in a significant increase in mRNA export rate in PLA(2)-treated group. Messenger RNA export rate in PLA(2) (10(-3) unit/mL)- treated nuclear membrane was positively correlated with level of PC incorporation, both using ATP and GTP as substrates. The activity of nucleoside triphosphatase, a nuclear membrane-associated enzyme, showed parallel variations with mRNA transport. It is concluded that nuclear PLA(2) plays a regulatory role in RNA transport, which can be antagonized by exogenous PC. These might be pathophysiologically significance, although the mechanisms by which this effect takes place remain to be clarified.
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PMID:Phospholipase A2 inhibits nuclear nucleoside triphosphatase activity and mRNA export in isolated nuclei from rat liver. 1281 50

Proteome analysis by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) together with mass spectrometry was applied to screen acute phase response (APR)-related proteins with low molecular weight in loach skin following injury. Furthermore, Western blotting and function tests were applied to confirm the results obtained from the proteomic study. Fifteen APR-related proteins with sixteen spots (PLA with two spots) on a 2-DE map were identified in this study. Furthermore, six were known acute phase proteins including galactose-binding lectin (GBL), lysozyme, C3, CD59, double PLA and 50s ribosomal protein; while ATP kinase, zinc finger protein 183, alpha-neurotoxin homology, angiostatin, serine/threonine kinase, metalloproteinase inhibitor, regulator of G-protein 4, cryptdin-9 and disintegrin trigranin were found by our lab to be APR-related proteins. In addition, our results suggest that proteomes with low molecular weight can be characterized by 2-DE with a Tris-tricine system followed by mass spectrometry.
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PMID:Proteomic approach to identify acute phase response-related proteins with low molecular weight in loach skin following injury. 1546 90

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