Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:O75628 (REM)
 5,581 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A mildly dyslexic boy of 11 years, with no neurological deficit or history of epileptic seizures, had marked hypersomnia for 2 years, which was most pronounced in the morning hours. Repeated EEG studies and power spectral analysis revealed simultaneous posterior alpha rhythm and sleep patterns (spindles, vertex waves, K complexes) over vertex and frontocentral regions, while the patient was behaviorally awake. Bilateral synchronous anterior spikes were frequently noted in association with sleep patterns. A polysomnogram over 24 h confirmed excessive sleep, night and day (especially morning hours) and there was evidence of a large REM sleep percentage (on EMG and EOG basis) while the EEG had predominantly non-REM sleep patterns. Special neurotransmitter studies were performed in view of a presumed disturbance affecting the neurobiochemical sleep regulation. These studies were based on CSF metabolite levels and provided evidence for a high serotonin metabolite (5HIAA) level. It is tempting to hypothesize that the biochemical disturbance has led to encroachment of non-REM sleep patterns on both wakefulness and REM sleep. Further discussion deals with the bilateral-synchronous spike activity and its relationship to arousal patterns in sleep.
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PMID:Hypersomnia with simultaneous waking and sleep patterns in the electroencephalogram. A case report with neurotransmitter studies. 9 32

Out of 50,000 EEG's those of 38 subjects contained rhythmic mid-temporal discharges (RMTD), corresponding to an incidence of 0,1%. The morphological features of RMTD are: 1. frequency: 5.5-6.5/sec 2. shape: monophasic and regular with occasionally interposed 12/sec. activity. 3. localisation: mid temporal, often spread to anterior, seldom posterior region. 4. occurence: bilateral, simultaneous, or alternating sides. They are closely linked to the drowsy state, occuring at the transition from A2 to B2 stage (IA2) and arising from a fairly desynchronized EEG. RMTD are commonly seen within REM periods, which are markedly fragmented with interspersed periods of drowsy patterns lasting 20-90 sec, during which the RMTD are seen. Occasionally they are strictly related to slow eye movements and periodic respiration. The RMTD are an individual feature, appearing in different persons with variing penetrance. Their occurence is favoured or inhibited to a certain degree by external circumstances. Slow and fast wave sleep in subjects with RMTD are disturbed. Both of them, especially the fast wave sleep are reduced in favour of markedly increased stages of drowsiness with RMTD, which sometimes last several minutes. In spite of such abnormal organisation of sleep the subjects feel recovered in the morning and sleep disturbances are not reported. RMTD could therefore be considered as "bioelectrical sleep disorder". We did not find any correlation between RMTD and clinical findings, in particular not with psychomotor or any other form of epilepsy.
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PMID:[The significance of rhythmic mid-temporal discharges (author's transl)]. 9 75

Studies of the behavioral correlates of activity in reticular formation cells, usually performed in restrained animals, have found units whose discharge relates to sensory stimuli, pain and escape behavior, conditioning and habituation, arousal, complex motivational states, REM sleep, eye movements, respiration and locomotion. Units with these different behavioral correlates were found in the same anatomical areas. Most studies report that a large proportion of encountered cells related to the behavior being studied. If one adds up the reported percentages, the total far exceeds 100%. Therefore it appears that many investigators are looking at the same cells and reaching very different conclusions about their behavioral roles. On the basis of observations in unrestrained cats, it is hypothesized that discharge in most RF cells is primarily related to the excitation of small groups of muscles. This hypothesis can parsimoniously explain many previous observations on the behavioral correlates of these cells, and is consistent with anatomical, physiological and phylogenetic studies of the reticular formation. The hypothesized simplicity of reticular formation unit function is contrasted with the complexity of the behavioral functions mediated by the RF, and the implications of this contrast discussed.
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PMID:Behavioral functions of the reticular formation. 11 77

Report is made of two patients with Epilepsia Partialis Continua (E.P.C.) from brain organic damage (since carcinoma metastasis and localized ischemia). Clinical EEG, neuroradiological and anatomo-pathological and therapeutical problems are dealth with the light of a review on previous papers. The EEG by itself is assumed as a not sufficient neurophysiological mean. Long time poligraphic enregistrations during awakeness and sleep havae, on the contrary, produced interesting data. The continuous and localized more or less rhythmic myoclonus, which are the distinctive feature in the E.P.C., were in both the patients confined to the first two fingers of their hands; the more they decreased the deeper was sleep (phase II and III-IV) and almost disappeared in the REM phase. Thus poligraphic enregistrations for E.P.C. patients are maintained as very significant.
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PMID:[Poligraphy during awakeness and sleep in patients with epilepsia partialis continua]. 12 64

Central serotonergic mechanisms were investigated in three experiments: 1. Chronic administration (four weeks) of L-5-hydroxytryptophan (L-5 HTP 600 mg/day) plus decarboxylase inhibitor (Ro 4-4602) reduces slow-wave sleep (stages 3 + 4 = SWS) without influencing other sleep parameters. 2. Clozapine reduces SWS, increases paradoxical sleep (REM) and dissociates sleep mechanisms so that increased REM in NREM stage 1 occurs. Central serotonin levels seem to remain unaffected. 3. Parachlormethylamphetamine, a serotonin synthesis inhibitor, normalises irregular sleep and narcoleptic and cataleptic attacks of narcoleptic syndrome as well. 4. Central serotonergic mechanisms are described as having a boundary-setting function.
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PMID:[Pharmacological influence on central serotonergic mechanisms in man and its consequences on sleep (author's transl)]. 13 32

The lateral geniculate phasic wave (GL wave, GLW) was studied at awaking, during the REM period of sleep (REMP) and after administration of reserpine (RSP) and parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA). The GLWs were classified by the time relation to the eye movements (EMs) into three groups of the GL-preceding GLW (GLWs precede EMs or concur with EMs), the EM-preceding GLW (EMs precede GLWs) and the EM-discording GLW (GLWs not associated with EMs). Changes in occurrence of thus classified GLWs and in the EM-GLW time (time delay between EM and GLW) were examined with supplementary administration of eserine and atropine. The results were as follows: 1. During the REMP, the EM-GLW time of the GL-preceding GLW showed shortening by eserine and prolongation by atropine. On the other hand, the EM-GLW time of the EM-preceding GLW was recognized no definite affection. 2. After the administration of RSP and PCPA, the GL-preceding GLWs increased soon after the eserine injection whereas markedly decreased after atropine. In the atropine-pretreated cats, the occurrence of the GL-preceding GLWs by RSP was inhibited. These drugs exerted little influence on the occurrence of the EM-preceding GLWs. 3. These results suggest that cholinergic mechanisms underlie the production of the GL-preceding GLWs but don't play an important role in the production of the EM-preceding GLWs.
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PMID:Influence of cholinergic drugs on the lateral geniculate phasic waves. 13 43

The effect of three drugs, parachlorophenylalanine, nialamide and disulfiram, drugs known by their action on the two sleep phases, slow wave sleep and I-REM-sleep, have been studied and tested by their effect on the motor circadian rhythm : PCPA and disulfiram reduce the amplitude of the rhythm by two opposed mechanisms : PCPA increases the motor activity, especially the day-time activity, disulfiram reduces the motor activity, especially the night-time activity. The former reduces the serotonine content, the latter the noradrenaline content of the central nervous system. Nialamide (5 or 10 mg/1000 g) is without any action of the rhythm. Both doses increase very much the motor activity ; but the central excitatory state undergoes the normal circadian rhythm. This monoaminoxydase inhibitor is without any action on the circadian rhythm.
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PMID:[Brain monoamines and circadian rhythm of spontaneous motor activity of rats]. 14 69

This study was performed on two groups of schizophrenic patients. One group consisted on nine nonlobotomized patients and the other of nine lobotomized ones. The groups were matched for age, sex, duration of illness, clinical symptoms, type and dose of psychopharmacological treatment. The patients of both groups were administered 1 mg of reserpine half an hour before bedtime, for three successive days. Before reserpine administration the mean percentage time of the NREM stage 4 was significantly higher in the lobotomized group. There was no significant difference in the REM parameters. After three days of reserpine administration in the nonlobotomized group, there was no significant difference in the mean percentage of the NREM stage 4, whereas the mean REM percentage significantly increased and REM latency decreased. In the lobotomized group the same procedure, i.e., three days of reserpine administration, provoked a significant decrease in the mean percentage of the NREM stage 4 and no significant changes in the REM parameters. This difference in reserpine action on sleep in the lobotomized group is discussed.
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PMID:Influence of reserpine on all-night sleep pattern in nonlobotomized and lobotomized chronic schizophrenic patients. 16 52

The effect of pimozide, a potent and specific blocker of central dopaminergic transmission, upon the sleep of man was studied in six healthy volunteers. Given at doses of 1 and 4 mg, which have clear central effects in humand. pimozide produced only minor changes in the EEG patterns of sleep. At these doses a slight and non-significant decrease in phase I sleep was observed, while phases W,II,III,IV and REM were not modified. No differences were noted between drug or post-treatment and control nights in total NREM sleep, total REM sleep, number of episodes of REM or total number of eye movements. An increase in REM sleep in the first REM period in the first drug night were the only statistically significant findings. If one accepts that central effects seen in man after pimozide given in conditions similar to those of this study are due to dopaminergic blockade, our results tend to suggest that dopamine is, at most, of rather minor importance in the physiology of sleep in man.
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PMID:Effects of central dopaminergic blockade with primozide upon the EEG stages of sleep in man. 16 79

The stability of sleep was examined in two kinds of induced insomnia, namely after caffeine administration and after hypnotic drug withdrawal. The duration of each episode of any one sleep stage or any episode of intervening wakefulness plus drowsiness was determined. After caffeine there was an increase in longer episodes of intervening wakefulness plus drowsiness, but no significant change in the episode duration of any of the sleep stages. In the case of drug withdrawal there was no change in the episode duration of intervening wakefulness plus drowsiness, but there was a significant shortening of episode duration in sleep stages 2 and 3+4, with a similar trend for REM sleep episodes. Caffeine 'insomnia' thus seems characterized by increased stability of wakefulness, and hypnotic withdrawal 'insomnia' by decreased stability fo sleep. The type of analysis undertaken in this study could increase understanding of other types of insomnia.
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PMID:Two types of insomnia: too much waking or not enough sleep. 16 68


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