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Query: UNIPROT:O75628 (REM)
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The early components of the somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) were analysed in 39 normal newborns in REM sleep, 35 normal awake children between 1 month and 9 years and 16 normal awake adults. Electrical pulses were delivered at random intervals to fingers of the contralateral hand. The SEP were averaged from several electrodes in the parietal scalp focus and several runs were compared to estimate precise latencies and durations (Fig. 5, 6, 7). The system bandpass extended to 3 kc and many precautions were taken to exclude interference. The limb temperature was carefully maintained at normal value in order to avoid undue slowing of peripheral conduction velocity. The SEP presented markedly increased latencies for near-threshold stimuli (Fig. 3) while becoming even more focalised (Fig. 1). Background data were obtained in order to standardize the parameters for the maturation study (Fig. 2, 3, 4). In the children, the early negative component was found to undergo progressive changes. It was only at the age of about 8 years that the adult pattern was approached (Fig. 8, 9, 10, 11). The duration of the early negative N1 component decreased quite progressively. The latencies to onset and to peak were also shown to follow a highly consistent pattern when the body length of the subjects was taken into account (Fig. 9, 10). By dividing the data by the body length, functions were obtained which could be said to apply to a "standard" individual whose body length did not change from birth to adulthood and remained at one meter. Such plots made it possible to appreciate the true extent of the SEP maturational changes from birth. The quantitative data thus provided should serve as a useful reference for subsequent studies on developmental changes of the brain and for clinical applications to diseased children.
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PMID:Maturation of the somatosensory evoked potentials in normal infants and children, with special reference to the early N1 component. 5 47

The development of the Heart Beat Domain and the Fourier transform of the Heart Beat Domain (which we call the Beatquency Domain) has provided new and useful tools for the quantitative analysis of sleep level patterns. This method of analysis has produced remarkable intersubject as well as intra-subject consistency and the only physiologic parameter required in the analysis is beat-by-beat heart rate. This analytical tool was designed to aid in the detection of sleep cycles, or more specifically, the rhythmic transitions from REM+ (awake Stages 1 and REM combined) to NREM (Stage 2, 3 and 4 combined) over a normal night of sleep. Employing this method on minute-by minute sleep recordings from 9 normal sleep subjects, 2 complete nights each, we were able to distinguish between the REM+ and NREM stages with an average accuracy of approximately 80%. Considering that beat-by-beat heart rate was our only criteria, we felt that the algorithm performed with significant success.
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PMID:Detection of cyclic sleep phenomena using instantaneous heart rate. 5 57

Sixty polygraphic all-night sleep tracings were obtained, including 40 from 20 patients with epileptic attacks occurring during sleep (during treatment with anticonvulsants and after their withdrawal), and 10 tracings in each of two groups serving as controls: a group of patients with seizures occurring in the waking state and a group of healthy controls. A significant difference was observed in the sleep pattern of the patients with nocturnal attacks (who were good sleepers and received no anticonvulsants) and healthy controls. These patients had a significantly higher proportion of III + IV stages of the slow-wave sleep phase. Besides that, in all epileptics disruption and lability of the REM phase was observed, without a statistically significant reduction in the proportion of its duration during the whole sleep. Clinical seizures developed usually in the SW phase but one seizure occurred during the REM phase. The effects of anticonvulsants on sleep EEG tracings require further investigation. A significant difference was observed in the morphology and dynamics of EEG changes in both groups of epileptics. The patients with nocturnal attacks had much more frequently normal tracings in the waking state. During sleep focal changes were often found. Seizure activity of the spike-wave type was less frequent than in patients with waking attacks and the dynamics of this activity were different. It seems possible that the pathways of spread of epileptic discharges are different in these two groups of epileptics.
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PMID:Investigations on the mechanism of nocturnal epilepsy. 5 72

When restrained in a quasi-fetal position, infant rats (2--3 weeks old) remain for an extended period in a sleep-like state as judged by polygraphic criteria. Moreover, they become very difficult to arouse by sensory stimuli, and show a level of spontaneous motility considerably higher than is normally found at this age during sleep. Phasic generalized body movements, which are often quite stereotyped, occur in trains at regular intervals, against a low background level of neck muscle tonus. The amplitude of the cortical EEG, especially in the delta band, is negatively correlated with the frequency of spontaneous motor burst activity. It is suggested that these REM-like "rapid body movements" in immature mammals may well represent a transitional stage between fetal behavior patterns and sleep motility in the adult organism.
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PMID:Cyclic EEG and motility patterns during sleep in restrained infant rats. 5 69

Our laboratory sleep polygraphic recordings are all automatically scored by a scoring system previously described. The automatic scoring reliability has already been estimated by a comparison with visual scoring. Nevertheless, it was interesting to investigate whether the picture of sleep given by this system, of a precisely defined group of subjects, was very different from that obtained by visual scoring for similar subjects in other laboratories. Therefore, we compared the results given by automatic analysis in a group of normal subjects aged 20--29 years with the results of Williams et al. (1974) for subjects of the same age. We thus mixed on purpose three sources of difference: the studied population, the laboratory and its habits, and the technique of scoring the records. This comparison showed a clear difference in the total time of sleep for men and women. This time, longer in our conditions, depended certainly on subjects and on recording conditions more than on automatic scoring. Sleep and stage latencies were not significantly different by the two scoring techniques. A difference appeared for waking latency, longer in our findings, but probably resulting from the definition of this parameter. The number of sleep cycles and their average duration were not different in the two techniques. Concerning sleep stages, stage 3 was slightly overestimated and stage 4 underestimated by automatic scoring compared with visual scoring, while there was no marked difference for the other stages. Finally, a larger number of stages are detected by the machine than by the human eye, which is probably due to the fact that the latter neglects some transitions from one stage to another when they are not important with regard to the context. Thus, apart from some differences resulting from the definition of parameters, there is a very large analogy between visual and automatic results of sleep scoring. The only effects of the latter are a slightly different assessment of the ratio of stages 3 and 4, in favour of stage 3, a larger estimate of the number of sleep stages, and a slight underestimation of REM sleep.
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PMID:[Sleep in the young adult studied through automatic analysis of recordings]. 5 70

One male cat was adapted to different schedules of restricted sleep. The cat was allowed to go to sleep during a certain number of hours per day. During the rest of the 24 h period, wakefulness was enforced by means of a treadmill. The following schedules of restricted sleep were run: 12 h sleep--12 h treadmill (12S--12T), 8S--16T, 4S--20T. The cat was also adapted to a 36 h day: 12S--24T. The sleep was investigated after at least 2 weeks on each schedule and compared to ad lib. sleep (24S--0T). As available sleep time bacame shorter, the composition of the sleep changed. LSWS (in % of available sleep time) decreased, while DSWS % and REM sleep % increased. The length of the DSWS and REM sleep episodes increased with decreasing sleep time, as did sleep cycle length.
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PMID:Effects of sleep of restricted sleep. A cat case study. 5 73

A simple sleep stage detector for the rat is described, which uses as its sources of input the signal from a single hippocampal recording electrode and the signal generated by a motion indicator. The device is suitable for use in sleep studies and in experiments on REM sleep deprivation.
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PMID:A simple sleep stage detector for the rat. 5 79

A sleep apnea syndrome has been diagnosed in eight children (age range 5-14). Before undertaking therapeutic trials, sleep and respiration were extensively studied. Sleep and respiration were again analyzed 3 months after tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy (6 cases) or tracheostomy with insertion of valve (2 cases). Sleep induced apneic apisodes in these children who had normal respiration during wakefulness. Three types of apnea (central, upper airway, and mixed) were recorded in each case. The minimum number of apneas recorded during a single night was 75; the maximum was 816. Polygraphic monitoring demonstrated greatly disturbed sleep. Sleep changes were quantitative as well as qualitative. REM sleep percent was decreased, but stages 3 and 4 NREM sleep were also impaired. A relationship between stages 3-4 NREM sleep and respiration was noted: stages 3-4 sleep disappeared when apneic episodes were numerous; no apnea was recorded during stage 4 sleep. Follow-up nocturnal recordings of two tracheostomized children with valve open, then closed, confirmed this "stage 4/no apnea" relationship. Apneas were also noted to induce marked sinus arrhythmia during sleep.
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PMID:[Sleep and respiration in the syndrome "apnea during sleep" in the child]. 6 Feb 23

Sixty polygraphic records were made: 16 in newborns and 44 in infants aged from 1 to 25 weeks. 1. The stage of development of the central nervous system is better defined by criteria such as spindle maturation or skin potential response (SPR) distribution according to stages of sleep, then by chronological age; SPR prevalence during "quiet" sleep ("adult" distribution) is not apparent before 12 weeks of age. Classification according to the presence or absence of spindles during quiet sleep shows that: (a)in the group without spindles (1-6 weeks old), SPRs are more numerous during "active" sleep than in newborns; (b)in the group with sporadic spindles (3-11 weeks old) the SPR mean frequency is about the same in "active" and in "quiet" sleep; (c)SPR prevalence during "quiet" NREM sleep ("adult" distrbution) appears clearly in the group with spindles present throughout "quiet" sleep (10-25 weeks old). On the contrary, no relation was found between SPR distribution and the mode of onset of sleep. 2."Active" REM sleep seems to mature earlier than "quiet" NREM sleep. Our studies show that, in active sleep, SPRs increase significantly during the 1st month of life; after that, their frequency does not change any more. On the contrary, SPRs in quiet sleep increase throughout the whole period studied. This increase is also parallel to sleep spindle maturation.3. During transitional periods SPR frequency is between that of active and that of quiet sleep. There is no significant difference between SPR frequency during the first and the second sleep cycles.
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PMID:Distribution of skin potential responses according to states of sleep during the first months of life in human babies. 6 Feb 26

The paired shock technique was used to study the effect of sleep on the excitability of the short latency R1 and long latency R2 components of the electrically elicited blink reflex. During wakefulness, R1 returned, after transient potentiation, to its original level in about 150 ms following the conditioning stimulus. Contrastingly, R2 remained profoundly suppressed up to 800 ms, suggesting sustained reduction of excitability of the polysynpatic reflex pathways after the passage of a preceeding impulse. During non-REM and REM sleep, the recovery curve of R1 was similar in character, although different in time course to the one obtained during wakefulness. However, R2 was potentiated rather than suppressed by the conditioning stimulus during both phases of sleep. These findings indicate that, during sleep, the polysynpatic reflex pathways are not inhibited by a preceeding impulse to the same degree as in wakefulness.
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PMID:Recovery curves of the blink reflex during wakefulness and sleep. 6 Dec 59


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