Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:O75191 (H. influenzae)
 4,961 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Fundamental and clinical studies on cefuzonam (L-105, CZON), a newly semisynthesized cephem antibiotic, were carried out in the field of pediatrics and the following results were obtained. Antibacterial activities of CZON against clinically isolated strains of Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, S. pyogenes, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Haemophilus parainfluenzae and H. influenzae were compared with those of cefmenoxime (CMX), latamoxef (LMOX), cefoperazone (CPZ), cefmetazole (CMZ), cefotiam (CTM) and cefazolin (CEZ). CZON was nearly as active as CEZ against S. aureus and S. epidermidis and superior to other antibiotics against other Gram-positive cocci. Against Gram-negative rods, CZON was as active as CMX and superior to other 5 antibiotics compared. Serum concentrations and urinary excretion rates after intravenous bolus injection of CZON at doses of 10 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg for 5 minutes in 1, 5 and 4 cases, respectively, were determined. Mean serum concentrations of CZON at these dose levels were 11.0, 43.8 and 111.5 micrograms/ml at 15 minutes, 2.4, 10.3 and 30.3 micrograms/ml at 1 hour and 0.17, 0.72 and 1.28 micrograms/ml at 4 hours, with serum half-lives of 1.79, 0.88 and 1.19 hours, respectively. Mean cumulative urinary excretion rates within 6 hours after administration were 47.9, 56.3 and 40.3%, respectively. Thirty-four pediatric patients with various bacterial infections (tonsillitis 2, acute bronchitis 1, pneumonia 14, pyothorax 1, sepsis 1, suppurative lymphadenitis 1, UTI 13 and enteritis 1) were treated with CZON at a daily dose of 40-94 mg/kg t.i.d. or q.i.d.. The overall clinical efficacy rate was 94.1%. No adverse reactions were observed except 2 cases with mild diarrhea. Abnormal laboratory findings were also mild; slight elevation of GOT and GPT in 2, eosinophilia in 1 and thrombocytosis in 1. These results clearly indicate the usefulness of CZON in the treatment of bacterial infections in children.
 ...
PMID:[Fundamental and clinical studies on cefuzonam in the field of pediatrics]. 359 89

Fundamental and clinical studies were carried out on cefixime (CFIX) 5% granules, and the results are summarized below. Antimicrobial activity Antimicrobial activities of CFIX, cefaclor, cefroxadine, cephalexin and amoxicillin (AMPC) were studied against clinical isolates. CFIX showed greater activities than all the other antibiotics against E. coli, K. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, P. mirabilis, E. cloacae and S. marcescens, but it was slightly less active than AMPC against S. pyogenes. Absorption and excretion Serum concentrations and urinary excretions of CFIX were determined following single or repeated oral administration. In 8 patients given single dose of CFIX 1.5 or 3.0 mg/kg, mean serum concentrations were 1.27 and 1.09 micrograms/ml at 2 hours, 1.27 and 1.35 micrograms/ml at 4 hours, 0.85 and 1.10 micrograms/ml at 6 hours, 0.17 and 0.24 micrograms/ml 12 hours after administration, respectively. Mean serum half-lives were 2.54 hours for the dose of 1.5 mg/kg and 2.60 hours for 3.0 mg/kg. Urinary recovery rates in the 12-hours urine varied 6.7 to 33.6%, with an average of 13.5%. In 3 patients given a repeated dose of CFIX 3.0 or 5.6 mg/kg b.i.d., the serum concentrations were 0.23-1.01 micrograms/ml at 0 hour, 1.91-2.80 micrograms/ml at 2-4 hours and 1.13-2.07 micrograms/ml at 6-8 hours after administration. Clinical study The CFIX was given orally by mainly b.i.d. at a daily dose of 4.4-11.6 mg/kg for 4-15 days to a total of 33 patients consisting of 3 patients with pneumonia, 3 with bronchitis, 9 with tonsillitis, 15 with UTI, one each with scarlet fever, lymphadenitis and colitis. Clinical responses were excellent in 24 patients, good in 8 and fair in 1, with an effectiveness rate of 97.0%. All of the 21 bacterial isolates examined were eradicated after CFIX treatments including 3 beta-lactamase producing strains. No side effects of abnormal laboratory findings were observed in these patients.
 ...
PMID:[Fundamental and clinical studies on cefixime (5% granules) in the pediatric field]. 376 37

A fundamental and clinical study of ceftizoxime (CZX) suppositories was performed in pre-school and school-age children. The average time courses of CZX serum and urinary concentrations after administration of CZX suppository 250 mg (i.e. per kg body weight doses of 8.3-10.9 mg) to 4 school-age children were as follows. Serum concentrations: 6.1 micrograms/ml at 15 minutes, 6.3 micrograms/ml at 30 minutes, 3.8 micrograms/ml at 1 hour, 1.7 microgram/ml at 2 hours, 0.5 microgram/ml at 4 hours and 0.2 microgram/ml at 6 hours with a biological half-life of 1.43 hours. Urinary concentrations: 885 micrograms/ml for 0-2 hours, 209 micrograms/ml for 2-4 hours and 112 micrograms/ml for 4-6 hours with an average 6-hour urinary recovery rate of 25.6%. The clinical and biological effectiveness and adverse reactions were studied in 11 infants and school-age children afflicted with various infections (acute purulent tonsillitis, 1; acute bronchitis, 3; acute pneumonia, 4; and UTI, 3). The clinical responsiveness was "excellent" in 8, "good" in 2, and "failure" was recorded in 1, with an overall efficacy of 90.9% inclusive of "excellent" and "good". The microbiological effectiveness of CZX suppositories on presumed pathogenic organisms comprising 4 strains of H. influenzae, 1 strain of H. parainfluenzae, and 3 strains of E. coli was satisfactory, as evidenced by the substantially high eradication rate of 87.5%. The only organism that survived CZX suppository treatment was 1 strain of H. influenzae which however was greatly decreased. The only side effect was diarrhea in 1 patient, which however did not necessitate withdrawal of the drug. The only laboratory test abnormality was GOT and GPT elevation in 1 patient which was normalized within 8 days. In conclusion, CZX suppositories were found to be efficacious and safe for treatment of bacterial infections in children.
 ...
PMID:[Clinical studies of ceftizoxime suppositories in respiratory tract infections and urinary tract infections in children]. 386 84

This report summarizes the results of joint studies in pediatrics on aztreonam, the first monobactam antibiotic for practical use. Pharmacokinetics was studied in 53 cases administered with 10, 20, 40 and 50 mg/kg of aztreonam (AZT) by intravenous injection and 20 cases with 10, 20, 30, and 40 mg/kg by drip infusion. All the cases had normal hepatic and renal functions at the administration. T1/2 was in a relatively fixed range of 1.35-1.56 hours in intravenous injection cases and 1.30-1.55 hours in drip infusion. One hour after commencing administration of standard 20 mg/kg, the serum concentrations were 50.18 +/- 4.24 micrograms/ml in intravenous injection and 116.33 +/- 10.18 micrograms/ml in drip infusion and even 6 hours after the end of the administration, they were 5.80 +/- 1.16 micrograms/ml and 3.38 +/- 0.58 micrograms/ml, respectively. The cerebrospinal fluid penetration was studied on suppurative meningitis (5 cases) and nonbacterial meningitis (3 cases). The penetration was generally good with sufficient concentration for meningitis caused by E. coli and H. influenzae. Amount of the penetration decreased as the cases were improved. Twenty-nine (29) cases were excluded and 262 cases of total 291 were clinically assessed, and the pathogen-isolated 167 cases of 262 were principally analyzed. Efficacy of AZT was "excellent" for all 3 cases of E. coli sepsis and 1 case of N. meningitidis meningitis and "good" for 1 case of H. influenzae meningitis. The effective rate was 94.6% for 37 pneumonia cases, 94.7% for 76 UTI cases and 88.5% on the whole including as many as 98 "excellent" cases. However, the effective rate for 21 enteritis cases was only 52.4%. Similar trend was observed in the pathogen-unknown group and overall effective rate of total 267 cases was 86.8%. The clinical effect by pathogen was 97.7% for 44 E. coli cases and 97.1% for 34 H. influenzae cases, showing excellent results for the GNB group. AZT was also effective for 8 out of 11 P. aeruginosa cases. With regard to microbiological effect by pathogen, AZT showed a high rate of bacterial elimination for GNB, primarily 98.1% for E. coli and 100% for H. influenzae followed by 76.9% for P. aeruginosa. However, it was only 30.0% for Salmonella. Excluding the Salmonella cases, GNB elimination rate was 93.5%. Clinical and microbiological dose response was not clear partly because, same as the previous studies, the effective rate of AZT was high. It was considered, however, standard dose of 20 mg/kg X 3 approximately 4 times a day was recommendable.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:[Bacteriological, pharmacokinetic and clinical studies on aztreonam in the pediatric field. Pediatric Study Group of Aztreonam]. 391 24

Aztreonam (AZT) was evaluated for its safety, clinical efficacy and pharmacokinetics in children. AZT was effective in all the 16 children with Gram-negative bacterial infections. The diagnoses included acute bronchitis and pneumonia (11), UTI (2), UTI with bacteremia (1), purulent meningitis (1) and acute mucositis (1). The etiologic agents were H. influenzae (10), B. catarrhalis (1), N. meningitidis group C (1), E. coli (3) and P. aeruginosa (2). The serum half-life was approximately 1.2 hours after intravenous bolus injection. Penetration into the inflamed cerebrospinal fluid was good not only in acute purulent meningitis but also in viral meningitis. From the present study, AZT is a safe and effective antibiotic when used in children with Gram-negative bacterial infections.
 ...
PMID:[Clinical and pharmacokinetic evaluations of aztreonam in children]. 409 55

Laboratory and clinical studies were performed as follows on ceftizoxime (CZX), a new cephalosporin antibiotic. 1. Susceptibility of clinically isolated bacteria to CZX and cefotiam (CTM) or sulbenicillin (SBPC). Antibacterial activities of CZX and CTM were compared against S. aureus, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, E. cloacae, H. influenzae and E. aerogenes; CZX was compared with SBPC against Ps. aeruginosa. CZX and CTM were nearly equal in activity against S. aureus, but CZX was found to be more active than CTM by 1--10 tubes against E. coli, K. pneumoniae, E. cloacae, H. influenzae and E. aerogenes. Against Ps. aeruginosa, CZX and SBPC were nearly equal in activity. 2. Serum concentration and urinary recovery. Serum concentrations of CZX were measured in 6 patients given CZX for prophylactic purpose during cardiac catheterization. In 2 patients given 20 mg/kg of CZX intravenously, the average serum concentration was 38.9 micrograms/ml at 30 minutes after intravenous bolus injection. In 3 patients given 10 mg/kg of CZX by intravenous drip infusion, the peak average serum concentration was 28.1 micrograms/ml at the end of infusion. Urinary recovery in 2 patients tested was 81.1% and 92.5% until 6--7 hours after intravenous bolus injection. 3. Clinical efficacy. CZX was given intravenously to 24 patients in doses of 30--111 mg/kg (57.1 mg/kg on an average) t.i.d. or q.i.d. for 3--16 days (5.5 days on an average): 1 with lacunar tonsillitis, 4 with acute bronchitis, 12 with pneumonia, 2 with enterocolitis, 2 with soft tissue infection, 2 with lymphadenitis and 1 with UTI. The overall efficacy rate was 95.8%, i.e., efficacy was excellent in 10 (41.7%), good in 13 (54.2%), and poor in 1 (4.2%). Bacteriological efficacy was excellent, i.e. 21 of the 23 strains disappeared. One patient had mild and transient diarrhea, but no other laboratory abnormalities were observed during treatment. The above results suggest that CZX is 1 of the most useful antibiotics for treating pediatric infections, especially due to Gram negative bacteria.
 ...
PMID:[Laboratory and clinical studies of ceftizoxime in pediatrics (author's transl)]. 627 7

Laboratory and clinical studies were performed on cefmenoxime (CMX), a new cephalosporin antibiotic, and the following results were obtained. 1. Susceptibility of clinically isolated bacteria to CMX and cefotiam (CTM) or cefazolin (CEZ) Antimicrobial activity of CMX was compared with that of CTM and CEZ against S. aureus, S. epidermidis, S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae and E. coli. CEZ and CTM were more active than CMX against S. aureus, S. epidermidis and S. pneumoniae. But CMX was found to be more active by 1-10 tubes than CEZ and CTM against H. influenzae and E. coli. 2. Clinical efficacy. CMX was intravenously administered to 19 patients; 3 with lacunar tonsillitis, 2 with acute bronchitis, 8 with bronchopneumonia, 3 with UTI, 1 with septicemia, 1 with acute panperitonitis, 1 with S.S.S.S. at daily doses of 30-115 mg/kg (64.6 mg/kg on an average) t.i.d. or q.i.d. for 3-17 days (6.1 days on an average). The overall efficacy rate was 94.7%, i.e., efficacy was excellent in 10 cases (52.6%), good in 8 cases (42.1%), and poor in 1 case (5.3%). Bacteriological efficacy was good, i.e. 16 of the 19 strains disappeared. Transient eosinophilia was observed in 1 patient, but no other laboratory abnormality was observed during treatment. The above results suggest that CMX is 1 of the useful antibiotics in treatment of pediatric infections, especially due to Gram negative bacteria.
 ...
PMID:[Laboratory and clinical studies of cefmenoxime in the pediatric field]. 630 38

The performance, quality control and interpretation of antimicrobial susceptibility tests are a complex affair. Fortunately empiric oral antimicrobial therapy usually suffices for most nonsystemic pediatric bacterial infections which would ordinarily be treated on an outpatient basis (e.g. otitis media, streptococcal pharyngitis, pyoderma, UTI). Common pediatric pathogens such as H. influenzae and S. pneumoniae require uncommon expertise and complex systems for appropriate susceptibility testing. Direct susceptibility testing of urine specimens is the only current antimicrobial test that can be practically and reliable performed in most office laboratories. Access to a reliable reference laboratory with appropriate quality control systems is essential for other antimicrobial susceptibility testing needs.
 ...
PMID:Antimicrobial susceptibility testing in the office laboratory. 636 8

Fundamental and clinical studies of cefpiramide (CPM), a newly developed cephem antibiotic with a broad spectrum, were performed and the following results were obtained. The serum levels of CPM after the intravenous injection or the drip infusion of CPM at dose of 10.0 approximately 46.7 mg/kg reached the peak of 75.8 approximately 274.0 micrograms/ml at 30 approximately 60 minutes after infusion and were 3.9 approximately 55.1 micrograms/ml at 8 hours after the infusion. Half-life of CPM in the blood was between 2.4 and 7.0 hours. The excretion rates of CPM into urine up to 24 hours after the infusion were 5.7 approximately 20.4%. Twenty-five patients with acute respiratory tract infection (RTI, 15 cases), urinary tract infection (UTI, 8 cases), cellulitis (1 case) and salmonellosis (1 case) were treated with CPM. The treatment by intravenous injection or drip infusion of 22 approximately 55 mg/kg/day (40 approximately 50 mg/kg/day) for mean 6 days resulted in 100% of good response in 15 cases of RTI and in 88% of good response in 8 cases of UTI. S. aureus, H. influenzae, E. coli, Proteus, Klebsiella and Salmonella group B were isolated from the culture of sputum or urine in the patients, and they were all eradicated by the treatment with CPM. No side effects were observed except eosinophilia in 1 case and the elevation of GOT and GPT in 1 case.
 ...
PMID:[Evaluation of cefpiramide, a new cephem parenteral preparation developed in Japan, in pediatrics]. 665 36

The current state of causative bacteria in infectious diseases and the trends in resistance to antimicrobial agents were mentioned. The commonest micro-organisms isolated from the blood and intravascular catheter tips were CNS, S. aureus and C. albicans. Significant urine culture isolates were E. coli and other enterobacteriaceae in uncomplicated UTI, and Enterococcus spp. and Pseudomonas spp. in complicated UTI with a urinary catheter. In respiratory tract infections (RTIs), H. influenzae, S. pneumoniae, B. catarrhalis, S. aureus and P. aeruginosa, were common causative organisms. Community-acquired pneumonia was mainly caused by H. influenzae, S. pneumoniae and B. catarrhalis. In common with hospital-acquired pneumonia, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus and enterobacteriaceae were the frequent microorganisms isolated. In anaerobic infections, the most common micro-organisms were B. fragilis and other B. fragilis group isolated from intra-abdominal focus of post operative patients. The trends in the antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates of common bacteria over a period of 5 years (1988-1992) have been monitored. The proportion of isolates of S. aureus resistant to CEZ, CMZ, FMOX, IPM or MINO has increased. There was no trend towards increased resistance among isolates of P. aeruginosa except for CBPC. The incidence of resistance to PCG, ABPC, EM and LMOX increased in isolates of S. pneumoniae and that of resistance to PIPC, CMZ, LMOX and IPM increased in those of B. fragilis group.
 ...
PMID:[Current state of causative bacteria in infections diseases and trends in resistance to antimicrobial agents]. 812 76


1 2 Next >>