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Query: UNIPROT:O75191 (H. influenzae)
 4,961 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The endotoxin (lipopolysaccharides, LPS) of H. influenzae extracted with phenol-water method was injected into the perilymphatic compartment of guinea pig via the round window membrane. The CAP thresholds of the cochleas injected with LPS rose to 70.00 +/- 21.76 dB. The N1 latency at threshold prolonged until 2.63 +/- 0.28 ms. Compared with the controls, the differences were significant statistically at the level of 1% and 5% respectively. Electron microscopy found that the neural fibers of the organ of Corti were swollen, organelles degenerated, axon atrophied and disappeared. The myelin sheaths collapsed. The organelles and vesicles in the synapses decreased and disappeared. The synaptic membrane destroyed. The results exhibited that the LPS of H. influenzae had toxic effects on the neural components of the organ of Corti and the degeneration of the neural components was the pathological basis of the elevation of CAP thresholds and the N1 latency delay. It is concluded that once endotoxin enters into the perilymphatic compartment, it not only causes physiological changes but results in irreversible alterations of the neural components pathologically.
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PMID:[Damage caused by endotoxin of the neural components of the organ of Corti]. 263 14

Severe CAP is a life-threatening condition defined by the presence of respiratory failure or symptoms of severe sepsis or septic shock. It accounts for approximately 10% of hospitalized patients with CAP. The majority of patients with severe pneumonia have underlying comorbid illnesses, with COPD, alcoholism, chronic heart disease, and diabetes mellitus being the most frequent. S. pneumoniae, Legionella spp, GNEB (especially K. pneumoniae), H. influenzae, S. aureus/spp, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, respiratory viruses (especially influenza viruses), and P. aeruginosa represent the most important causative organisms of severe CAP. Rapid initiation of appropriate antimicrobial treatment is crucial for a favorable outcome. Initial antimicrobial treatment should be based on an epidemiological (empiric) approach. Microbial investigation may be helpful in the individual case but is probably more useful to define local antimicrobial policies based on local epidemiologic and susceptibility patterns. Mortality rates range from 21% to 54%. The most important prognostic factors include general health state of the patient, appropriateness of initial antimicrobial treatment, and the existence of bacteremia, as well as factors reflecting severe respiratory failure, severe sepsis, septic hypotension or shock, and the extent of infiltrates in chest radiograph. Initial antimicrobial treatment should consist of a second (or third) generation cephalosporin and erythromycin. Modifications of this basic regimen should be considered in the presence of distinct comorbid conditions and risk factors for distinct pathogens. Promising new approaches of nonantimicrobial treatment, including noninvasive ventilation, treatment of hypoxemia, and immunomodulation, are under investigation.
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PMID:Severe community-acquired pneumonia. 1051 5

Pneumonia acquired in Community (CAP) may be a primary disease occurring in healthy individuals or secondary to predisposing factors or comorbidity. Prevalence of CAP is 2.6 to 5% for all ages, in USA 12%, for over 65 years 30%. Streptococcus pneumoniae is the commonest pathogen 30-50%, H. influenzae in COPD, the atypical pneumonia Mycoplasma pn., M. catharralis, Legionella pn., Enterobacteria, anaerobics often in hospital survey. In children is different RSV, Parainfluenzae type 3, Rhinovirus in the first 2 years old. Others are S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, Chlamydia sp., etc. Appropriate empiric antibiotic therapy choices are based in guidelines. The most common pathogen is S. pneumoniae, isolates raised resistance rates to Penicillin to 20-50%, 40% in our country and also to Macrolides, with potential clinical failure (21-40%). Specially in elderly people and with the comorbidity are recommended the 23 valent polysaccharide vaccine, effective in bacteremic pneumonia 70-80%. Is not effective in children under 2 years, for that is important conjugated vaccine Hib (toxoids T, D, CRM197, OMP Nm) to prevent carriers, otitis media and reduce exacerbation of these respiratory infections.
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PMID:[Current interest of antipneumococcal vaccination]. 1120 55

Respiratory infections are a common source of morbidity and mortality, with pneumonia being the number one cause of death from infectious disease in Western industrialized countries. Initial antibiotic therapy of upper and lower respiratory infections is often empiric, being directed at the pathogens that are most likely to be present. Leading pathogens in respiratory infections are S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis, which have developed considerable resistance problems against previous standard antibiotics like beta-lactams, macrolides and tetracyclines in the last decade. Newly developed quinolones such as moxifloxacin combine enhanced in vitro activity against Gram-positive bacteria with maintenance of activity against Gram-negative organisms. Three comparative, prospective, randomized, double-blind studies in the treatment of community acquired sinusitis, AECB and CAP demonstrated equal or higher efficacy of moxifloxacin in comparison to standard antibiotic therapies.
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PMID:Clinical results in the treatment of respiratory infections with moxifloxacin. 1287 20

Most patients with community-acquired pneumonia are treated as out-patients with empirical therapy, since initially the etiologic agent is unknown. We prospectively assessed the etiologies and treatment outcomes of pneumonia from February 2003 to 2004 at ambulatory clinics. Forty-four patients were included with a mean age of 49.2 (SD 18.2) years. The male to female ratio was 1:1.4. The incubation period was 6.9 (SD 4.4) days. Half of the patients were healthy. Asthma and COPD were common in patients with underlying diseases. The etiologic diagnosis was determined by a sputum culture and a serology test of paired serum samples. Hemo-culture produced no growth in any patients. Atypical pathogens and H. influenzae were the most common finding, each occurring in 31.8% of the patients followed by S. pneumoniae and H. parainfluenzae (27.3% each). Twenty-two patients were infected with multiple pathogens. C. pneumoniae was the most common co-infecting pathogen. Two of 12 S. pneumoniae isolates were penicillin resistant. Nine of 14 H. influenzae isolates were cotrimoxazole resistant and 8 of 14 were not sensitive to erythromycin. For H. parainfluenzae, 11 of 12 isolates were not sensitive to erythromycin, and 7 of 12 were not sensitive to cotrimoxazole. Oral antibiotics were prescribed as out-patient treatment. Forty patients (90.9%) improved, with symptoms-score improvement averaging 6.4 days. Four patients got worse and needed a change of antibiotics, the symptoms usually worsen within 3-5 days. We conclude that, antibiotics for CAP out-patients should cover atypical pathogens, H. influenzae, S. pneumoniae and H. parainfluenzae. If the clinical symptoms do not respond after 3-5 days of out-patient treatment, resistance or an unusual organism (eg B. pseudomallei) should be considered.
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PMID:Etiologies and treatment outcomes for out-patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) at Srinagarind Hospital, Khon Kaen, Thailand. 1643 55

Tracheal aspirates were collected from 176 hospitalized antibiotic-pretreated children with community-acquired pneumonia. Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae were detected by both culture and target-enriched multiplex (TEM)-PCR whereas Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae were detected by TEM-PCR only. TEM-PCR detected more S. pneumoniae (32 vs. 7) and H. influenzae (29 vs. 23) than did culture. TEM-PCR detected an additional 26 M. pneumoniae and 1 C. pneumoniae. TEM-PCR significantly enhances the pathogen-specific diagnosis of CAP in children.
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PMID:Culture versus polymerase chain reaction for the etiologic diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia in antibiotic-pretreated pediatric patients. 1903 66

Haemophilus influenzae is one of the important pathogens causing respiratory tract infections, pneumonia, and meningitis. Genotypic(g) beta-lactamase-nonproducing ampicillin resistance (gBLNAR) H. influenzae has rapidly increased since 2000 years in Japan. The resistant percentage exceeded 60% in Hib isolates from meningitis in 2009. The affinity of beta-lactam antibiotics for penicillin-binding proteins-3 (PBP3) that involved in septal peptidoglycan synthesis deceased in the resistant strains. Three amino acid substitutions, Ser385Thr, Asn526Lys and Arg517His in PBP3 encoded by ftsI gene are especially responsible for beta-lactam resistance in the gBLNAR. Susceptibilities of cephalosporin agents including cefotaxime for gBLNAR were apparently decreased than the ampicillin and carbapenem antibiotics. Though fluoroquinolone resistant isolates are rare (< 1%) in H. influenzae, strains of levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin MIC with > or = 8 microg/mL were isolated from elderly patients with CAP. These strains possessed amino acid substitutions of Ser84Phe and Asp88Asn in GyrA and Glu88Lys in ParC. It is important to practice rapidly identification of these resistant strains at routine work.
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PMID:[Mechanisms of beta-lactam and quinolone resistance in Haemophilus influenzae]. 2241 26

Biofilm formation by nontypeable (NT) Haemophilus influenzae remains a controversial topic. Nevertheless, biofilm-like structures have been observed in the middle-ear mucosa of experimental chinchilla models of otitis media (OM). To date, there have been no studies of biofilm formation in large collections of clinical isolates. This study aimed to investigate the initial adhesion to a solid surface and biofilm formation by NT H. influenzae by comparing isolates from healthy carriers, those with noninvasive respiratory disease, and those with invasive respiratory disease. We used 352 isolates from patients with nonbacteremic community-acquired pneumonia (NB-CAP), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), OM, and invasive disease and a group of healthy colonized children. We then determined the speed of initial adhesion to a solid surface by the BioFilm ring test and quantified biofilm formation by crystal violet staining. Isolates from different clinical sources displayed high levels of biofilm formation on a static solid support after growth for 24 h. We observed clear differences in initial attachment and biofilm formation depending on the pathology associated with NT H. influenzae isolation, with significantly increased biofilm formation for NT H. influenzae isolates collected from patients with invasive disease and OM compared with NT H. influenzae isolates from patients with NB-CAP or COPD and healthy colonized subjects. In all cases, biofilm structures were detached by proteinase K treatment, suggesting an important role for proteins in the initial adhesion and static biofilm formation measured by crystal violet staining.
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PMID:Increased biofilm formation by nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae isolates from patients with invasive disease or otitis media versus strains recovered from cases of respiratory infections. 2519 97