Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:O75191 (H. influenzae)
 4,961 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Despite the importance of lower respiratory-tract infection (LRI) in causing hospitalizations in elderly patients (>or=65 years of age) and recent advances in vaccine development, a complete picture of the causative organisms is not available. All hospital discharge diagnoses (ICD-10 code) for LRI in elderly patients in England during 1995-1998 were reviewed. Using known seasonality in potential causative agents of LRI, the contribution of different respiratory pathogens to hospitalizations coded as 'unspecified LRI' was estimated by multiple linear regression analysis. Ninety-seven per cent of 551633 LRI-associated diagnoses had no specific organism recorded. From the statistical model the estimated proportions of admissions attributable to different pathogens were applied to calculate estimated hospitalization rates: 93.9 hospitalizations/10000 population aged >or=65 years due to S. pneumoniae, 22.9 to influenza virus, 22.3 to H. influenzae, 17.0 to whooping cough, and 12.8 to respiratory syncytial virus. There is enormous potential to improve health using existing vaccines and those under development.
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PMID:Modelling hospital admissions for lower respiratory tract infections in the elderly in England. 1672 3

The present study was performed to elucidate the clinical outcome, and etiology of acute otitis media (AOM) in children based on virologic and bacteriologic tests. The study group consisted of 120 children aged 6 to 144 months with AOM. Middle ear fluid (MEF) was tested for viral pathogens by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and for bacteria by gram-staining and culture. Clinical response was assessed on day 2 to 4, 11 to 13, 26 to 28. Respiratory viruses were isolated in 39 patients (32.5%). Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) (46.5%) was the most common virus identified in MEF samples, followed by human rhinovirus (HRV) (25.6%), human coronavirus (HCV) (11.6%), influenza (IV) type A (9.3%), adenovirus type sub type A (AV) (4%), and parainfluenza (PIV) type -3 (2%) by RT-PCR. In total 69 bacterial species were isolated from 65 (54.8%) of 120 patients. Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) was the most frequently isolated bacteria. Viral RNA was detected in 31 (56.3%) of 55 bacteria-negative specimens and in 8 (12.3%) of 65 bacteria-positive MEF samples. No significant differences were found between children representing viral infection alone, combined viral and bacterial infection, bacterial infection alone, and neither viral nor bacterial infection, regarding clinical cure, relapse and reinfection rates. A significantly higher rate of secretory otitis media (SOM) was observed in alone or combined RSV infection with S. pneumonia or Haemophilus influenzae (H. influenzae) than in other viruses infection. Conclusion. This study provides information about etiologic agents and diagnosis of AOM in Turkish children. The findings highlight the importance of common respiratory viruses and bacterial pathogens, particularly RSV, HRV, S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae, in predisposing to and causing AOM in children.
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PMID:Acute otitis media and respiratory viruses. 1696 96

Mortality and hospitalization rates due to influenza have risen despite increasing vaccine coverage for the most vulnerable population; however, those most vulnerable to complications and death are the least likely to respond to the vaccine. New strategies for influenza control are needed and indirect effectiveness (herd protection) has been demonstrated for several currently used vaccines - rubella, H. influenzae type b, pneumococcus varicella and hepatitis A. The Japanese schoolchildren program provided proof of concept of indirect effectiveness of influenza vaccine. The Central Texas field trial has demonstrated significant herd protection of adults utilizing the live, attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) to children. Immunization of <20% of children at the intervention site resulted in an 8-18% reduction of medically attended acute respiratory illness in adults compared to rates in the comparison sites. LAIV given by nasal spray is efficacious against matched and poorly matched prevalent strains, easy to administer and readily accepted by children for annual immunization. School-based clinics could provide a platform for rapid deployment of vaccine accessible to all segments of the population. This strategy could be critical for control of pandemic influenza.
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PMID:Herd protection against influenza. 1700 23

The recent literature brings nothing new since it provides only fragmented, though undoubtedly useful, studies which remain within the prevalence interval for the different bacterias. The occurrence of germs varies with time and space; nevertheless, whatever the studied series and the site of the studies, the 3 most frequent causal germs belong to the following five strains: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Influenza A, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Legionella pneumophila. Thus, 90% of all documented pneumoniae appear to be caused by the following pathogens: Pneumococcus; most frequent in hospitalized patients; Mycoplasma, Chlamydia and respiratory viruses were predominant in outpatients, with great variations; Staphylococcus and enterobacteriace may be encountered, mostly in elderlies with major debilitating diseases; association of germs, generally including pneumococcus, are increasingly identified. Last, in 25% to 50% of cases, the causal agent is not known. Recently, some Staphylococcus meticillin-resistant were identified. The diagnosis of viruses (as well as that of atypical bacterias) seems to have improved, thanks to the use of PCR though the interest of such a diagnosis remains questionable, except for epidemiological studies, as well as the relevance of this type of test in clinical practice. Nothing really new has come out on the epidemiology of acute bronchitis, while in bacterial exacerbation of COPD, attention focused on the colonizing or infective role of H. influenzae in the genesis of bronchus inflammation.
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PMID:[Current epidemiology of microbial low respiratory tract infections]. 1701 Nov 49

The history of influenza pandemics was reviewed and clinical manifestations of pneumonia associated with influenza virus infections are described and several typical cases are presented. Several types of pneumonia associated with the influenza virus infection have been reported: 1) influenza complicated by secondary bacterial pneumonia, 2) primary influenza virus pneumonia, 3) combined influenza virus and bacterial pneumonia. Secondary bacterial pneumonia often produces a syndrome that is clinically distinguishable from that of primary viral pneumonia. In primary influenza virus pneumonia, chest roentgenography revealed bilateral infiltrations but no consolidation. Histologically, diffuse alveolar damage and hemorrhagic bronchiolitis were frequently observed in primary influenza virus pneumonia, in which case the prognosis was the worst. Although rare, the possibility of cryptogenic organizing pneumonia associated with influenza virus infection should be recognized. H. influenzae, S. pneumoniae, or S. aureus were frequently associated with influenza viral infection, and treatment against these bacteria should be considered.
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PMID:[Pneumonia associated with influenza virus infection]. 1703 66

Cationic antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), a component of the innate immune system, play a major role in defense of mucosal surfaces against a wide spectrum of microorganisms such as viral and bacterial co-pathogens of the polymicrobial disease otitis media (OM). To further understand the role of AMPs in OM, we cloned a cDNA encoding a cathelicidin homolog (cCRAMP) from upper respiratory tract (URT) mucosae of the chinchilla, the predominant host used to model experimental OM. Recombinant cCRAMP exhibited alpha-helical secondary structure and killed the three main bacterial pathogens of OM. In situ hybridization showed cCRAMP mRNA production in epithelium of the chinchilla Eustachian tube and RT-PCR was used to amplify cCRAMP mRNA from several other tissues of the chinchilla URT. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis of chinchilla middle ear epithelial cells (CMEEs) incubated with either viral (influenza A virus, adenovirus, or RSV) or bacterial (nontypeable H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis, or S. pneumoniae) pathogens associated with OM demonstrated distinct microbe-specific patterns of altered expression. Collectively, these data showed that viruses and bacteria modulate AMP messages in the URT, which likely contributes to the disease course of OM.
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PMID:A member of the cathelicidin family of antimicrobial peptides is produced in the upper airway of the chinchilla and its mRNA expression is altered by common viral and bacterial co-pathogens of otitis media. 1711 47

Respiratory tract infections are a major reason of antibiotic prescription. Some of these infections can be prevented by vaccination. In France, the main new data concerns the following vaccines: Haemophilus influenzae: besides the vaccine effectiveness H. influenzae b, that is a virulent capsulated strain, a polyvalent vaccine effective against non-capsulated strains, responsible for otitis media, is under development. Pneumococci: the conjugated heptavalent vaccine recommended for all infants in the USA since the year 2000 allowed a dramatic drop in the incidence of invasive infections and of otitis media due to pneumococci, with an indirect impact reducing the frequency of pneumonia in adults. Influenza: the vaccinal coverage remains insufficient in people targeted by recommendations, particularly in health care workers. New recommendations concern some travel agents, people living in close contact with infants at risk and women immediately after delivery of a newborn at risk. Pertussis: the vaccinal coverage of preadolescents is insufficient. Vaccination of adults is mainly recommended for people who are expected to be in close contact with newborns (health care workers, parents). Tuberculosis: BCG vaccination is no longer mandatory, but is now strongly recommended for all infants in the greater Paris area, French Guyana, and for all infants at risk, especially immigrants depending on their native country. Varicella: universal vaccination is not recommended. To prevent respiratory complications in adults, the vaccine is now recommended for all varicella naive teenagers.
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PMID:[Current data on vaccines for respiratory diseases]. 1872 26

Pneumococcal disease in young children has not been as well characterized in East Africa as it has been in industrialized countries. Although pneumococci are likely to cause substantial mortality and morbidity, universal diagnostic challenges plus the rudimentary nature of public health surveillance make the true epidemiological characteristics of these diseases difficult to ascertain with these methods alone. However, local data are critical to inform the debate on vaccine deployment and assess vaccine impact. The Network for Surveillance of Pneumococcal Disease in the East African Region has worked to expand the World Health Organization Paediatric Bacterial Meningitis Surveillance Network-initiated surveillance process aimed at Haemophilus influenza type b to perform surveillance on pneumococcal diseases. A total of 119 H. influenzae isolates from children aged >2 years but <5 years of age have been confirmed. Eighty-three isolates (69.75%) were serotype b, 19 belonged to other capsular antigen groups, and 17 were nontypable. For Streptococcus pneumoniae, a total of 442 isolates were confirmed to be pneumococci; 302 isolates were from blood cultures, and 140 were from cultures of cerebrospinal fluid. Most of the isolates were obtained from patients in the 6-29-month age group; in this age group, overall coverage by the heptavalent vaccine was 56% (increasing to 67% with the addition of cross-protection due to serotype 6A). S. pneumoniae isolates are susceptible to most commonly used antibiotics, with the exception of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and have exhibited no resistance to penicillin. A surveillance network is in place to provide local data on the importance of S. pneumoniae as a cause of both meningitis and bacteremia. Serotypes in the currently available heptavalent conjugate pneumococcal vaccine and related serotypes account for two-thirds of invasive pneumococcal disease among children aged 6-29 months.
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PMID:Report on invasive disease and meningitis due to Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumonia from the Network for Surveillance of Pneumococcal Disease in the East African Region. 1919 10

Research into Haemophilus influenzae, a commensal and pathogen of humans, has resulted in major scientific contributions to biology. The first endonucleases (restriction enzymes), which paved the way for the new genetics, and the DNA used to obtain the first complete genome sequence of a free-living organism were obtained from H. influenzae. Prevention of invasive bacterial infections of infants, such as meningitis, has been achieved using a novel class of vaccines, of which the glycoconjugates of H. influenzae were the first to be licensed. Originally fallaciously proposed to be the aetiological agent of epidemic influenza, now known to be caused by a virus, H. influenzae is a pathogen of global public health importance. Research into the pathogenesis of the infections it causes (for example, meningitis, septicaemia, pneumonia and otitis media) are case studies in understanding the molecular basis of the variation in gene expression and gene sequences that are critical to its commensal and virulence behaviour and for the strategies that can be pursued to prevent H. influenzae diseases through vaccines.
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PMID:Bacterial variation, virulence and vaccines. 1933 2

In 2006, the number of bacterial meningitis cases was estimated at 1375 (2.23/100,000). The leading pathogens involved in adult meningitis were, according to frequency, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, Listeria monocytogenes, Streptococcus agalactiae, and Haemophilus influenzae. The overall mortality rate averaged 20%, higher among patients with pneumococcal meningitis or in individuals over 65 years of age. Sequels were observed in 30% of cases and more frequent after pneumococcal meningitis. A decrease in susceptibility to antibiotics was reported for N. meningitidis, S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae. Generalized vaccination of children less than two years of age with H. influenzae type b conjugate vaccine has lead to a dramatic decrease in adult H. influenza meningitis. The few cases involved almost exclusively non-typeable strains, presenting in 12% of cases, a modified penicillin binding protein leading to a decreased susceptibility to aminopenicillins. Decreased susceptibility to amoxicillin was observed in 30% of meningococcal isolates, but all strains remained susceptible to parenteral third generation cephalosporins. Resistances to rifampicin or to ciprofloxacin, recommended in meningococcal meningitis prophylaxis, were unusual, but had to be documented. Finally, the proportion of pneumococcal strains with decreased susceptibility to beta-lactams has decreased since 2002. In adult meningitis, pneumococcal isolates with decreased susceptibility to penicillin, amoxicillin, and cefotaxime or ceftriaxone accounted for 37, 18, and 4% of cases respectively. It should be noted that for these isolates, no parenteral third generation cephalosporins MIC was above 2mg/l. Resistance to rifampin was very unusual and all pneumococcal isolates were fully susceptible to glycopeptides.
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PMID:[Epidemiology of acute bacterial meningitis in adult patients in France]. 1939 9


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