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Query: UNIPROT:O75191 (H. influenzae)
 4,961 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The possibility that viral infections of the respiratory tract might predispose to bacterial colonization or infection was studied in 120 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and 30 control subjects; these individuals were observed for seven years. The ratio of the number of observed to the number of expected associations between viruses and bacteria was 2.43 (P = 0.037) for the pair influenza virus and Streptococcus pneumoniae and was 2.06 (P = 0.056) for influenza virus and Haemophilus influenzae. Consistently positive, but not significant, associations were detected between rhinovirus and herpes simplex virus infections and isolations of S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae. In contrast, isolations of the nonpathogenic Haemophilus parainfluenzae could not be related to prior viral infections. Significant rises in titer of antibody to H. influenzae were detected on 76 occasions, and 20 (26%) of these antibody rises were associated with viral or mycoplasmal infections during the preceding 120 days. The expected number of such associations was 8.34 (ratio of number observed to number expected, 2.40; P = 0.08). These results suggest that viral infections of the respiratory tract in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are associated with increased colonization by potentially pathogenic bacteria and may also predispose to infections with H. influenzae.
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PMID:Interactions between viruses and bacteria in patients with chronic bronchitis. 1 35

The intranasal infection of infant rats with Haemophilus influenzae type b can be considerably enhanced by prior infection of the rats with influenza virus. When influenza virus A/England/939/69 was used to infect the animals a minimum of 10(4-0) EID50 was required to enhance H. influenzae infection; infection with 4 x 10(6) H. influenzae bacteria was needed to reveal this enhancement and infant rats two days old at the time of virus inoculation had to be used. By this method, nine strains of influenza virus were assessed for their ability to enhance H. influenzae infection, and the results were compared with their known virulence for man. The results showed a close correlation in this respect for all of the viruses, except strain A/PR/8/34. The replication of these viruses in infant-rat turbinates and lungs was also studied; virus concentrations in turbinate tissues 48 h after infection showed a close correlation with virulence for man. Thus, three influenza virus strains known to be virulent for man reached concentrations in infant-rat turbinates ranging from 10(4-8) to 10(5-7) EBID50/0-05 ml at 48 h; the concentrations of six viruses known to be attenuated or non-infectious for man grew less well in infant rat turbinates, and reached concentrations at 48 h of 10(1-0) to 10(3-5) EBID50/0-05 ml. The results are discussed in relation to the use of the infant-rat model for assessment of the attenuation of candidate live influenza virus vaccine strains.
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PMID:The infant rat as a model for assessment of the attenuation of human influenza viruses. 31 33

Experiments in 400 non-inbred white mice indicated that the association of influenza virus A2 Hong Kong with H. influenzae enhanced the pathogenic action of the causative agents and led to the unfavorable clinical outcome only in those cases when these agents penetrated the body simultaneously, or when viral infection preceded bacterial infection. In those cases when influenza infection appeared in the presence of bacterial infection, the pathological process developed as a monoviral disease. The morphological changes in the lungs of the mice infected with H. influenzae corresponded to lesions caused by influenza virus and were manifested by pronounced hemodynamic disturbances.
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PMID:[Experimental pneumonia caused by an association of H. influenzae and the influenza virus]. 31 41

Nose and throat swabs, for culture of Haemophilus influenza type b, and blood samples, for measurement of antibodies specific for that serotype, were collected from members of 28 families from which children had been admitted to hospital with acute H. influenzae type b infections (mainly meningitis or epiglottitis). The patients with meningitis were younger than those with epiglottitis and had more siblings, with a marked predominance of sisters. Investigations within a few days of admission of the affected children to hospital detected carriers of H. influenzae type b (19 altogether) in 13 of the 28 families, including 9 of the 13 families with 3 or more children. Members with raised antibody titres for H. influenzae type b (suggesting the presence of the organism for at least a few weeks) were found in 17 of the 25 families from which blood samples were obtained, including all 11 families with 3 or more children. Most of the patients probably acquired their infections from within their own families, and siblings under 11 years old were of predominant importance both as carriers and as potential sources of the patients' infections. Persistence of the organism within families for up to 6 months was demonstrated. Possible reasons for the difference in age-incidence between haemophilus meningitis and epiglottitis and for the occurrence of the former in babies with older sisters are suggested, and also a possible connection between the results of this survey and the likely value of immunization against H. influenzae type b.
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PMID:An investigation of the family background of acute Haemophilus infections of children. 108 Jul 69

Levels of antibody in serum after infection with Haemophilus influenza type b or challenge with polysaccharide vaccine are highly variable. Convalescent-phase serum antibody to the capsular polysaccharide of H. influenzae type b was measured in two groups of patients with pathophysiologically distinct diseases, meningitis and acute epiglottitis. Antibody response after H. influenzae meningitis was subnormal. Mean levels of antibody, the distribution of antibody levels by age, and erythrocyte and genetic marker lymphocyte antigens were studied; all results suggested that these two groups of patients were genetically and immunologically different from each other. Evidence suggested that the magnitude of the important host immunologic response was under host genetic control.
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PMID:Host factors and antibody response Haemophilus influenza type b meningitis and epiglottitis. 108 99

Between February, 1988, and June, 1990, the safety, immunogenicity and efficacy of the HbOC (oligosaccharide conjugate Haemophilus influenza type b) vaccine was evaluated in a prelicensure trial performed in a study population of 61,080 children within the Northern California Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program. In this evaluation the HbOC vaccine was found to be safe, immunogenic and efficacious in infancy. Since licensure an estimated 162,000 additional doses of HbOC vaccine have been given to 75,000 additional children. In addition to reporting on extended follow-up of this population, this publication reports on the impact of immunizing a high proportion of the Northern California Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program population in infancy and early childhood on the epidemiology of invasive disease caused by H. influenzae type b (Hib) and invasive disease caused by non-type b H. influenzae. As of January 31, 1992, six cases of Hib invasive disease have been identified in vaccinated children. Of these five occurred in children who had received only one dose of vaccine in infancy. One case of Hib meningitis occurred in a 3 1/2-year-old child who had received doses of HbOC at 2, 4 and 6 months of age but no further doses of any Hib vaccines. During 1991 a total of three cases of invasive disease caused by Hib were observed in children younger than 18 months of age within the Northern California Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program. This represents a 94% reduction in disease incidence in this age group from that observed in the years 1984 to 1987.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Immunization with oligosaccharide conjugate Haemophilus influenzae type b (HbOC) vaccine on a large health maintenance organization population: extended follow-up and impact on Haemophilus influenzae disease epidemiology. The Kaiser Permanente Pediatric Vaccine Study Group. 152 69

Pretreatment sinus puncture was performed on 339 patients with acute community-acquired sinusitis (ACAS) between 1975 and 1990. Bacterial species recovered in titers of greater than or equal to 10(4) colony-forming units per milliliter (CFU/ml) from 383 sinus aspirates included Streptococcus pneumoniae, 92 (41%); Haemophilus influenzae, 79 (35%); anaerobes, 17 (7%); streptococcal species, 16 (7%); Moraxella catarrhalis, 8 (4%); Staphylococcus aureus, 7 (33%); and other, 8 (4%). Viruses (rhinovirus, parainfluenza virus, and influenza virus) and fungi (Aspergillus, zygomycoses, Phaeohyphomycis, Pseudallescheria, and Hyalohyphomycis) have also been reported to cause ACAS. Posttreatment sinus puncture was performed on 220 of the 339 patients in six studies to evaluate efficacy of selected antimicrobial agents in producing bacteriologic cure. Ampicillin, 500 mg four times daily; amoxicillin, 500 mg three times daily; trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, twice a day; cefaclor, 500 mg four times daily; bacampicillin, 800 mg twice a day; cyclacillin, 500 mg three times a day; cefuroxime axetil, 250 mg twice daily; amoxicillin-clavulanate, 500/125 three times daily; and loracarbef 400 mg twice daily, given in 10-day courses, produced bacteriologic cure in more than 90% of patients. Early studies were done before beta-lactamase-producing strains of H. influenzae were a frequent cause of ACAS in Charlottesville. Management of therapeutic failures is a difficult problem for which diagnostic and therapeutic sinus puncture and lavage, prolonged antimicrobial therapy, steroid therapy, and evaluation of allergy, immunodeficiency, and surgically correctable lesions of the osteomeatal complex are recommended.
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PMID:The microbial etiology and antimicrobial therapy of adults with acute community-acquired sinusitis: a fifteen-year experience at the University of Virginia and review of other selected studies. 152 37

Increasing numbers of immigrants from the former Soviet Union are settling in the United States each year, making it imperative for clinicians to know how to find and interpret immigrant children's immunization records. Records show that these children have usually received immunizations against tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis, poliomyelitis, measles, mumps and tuberculosis (BCG). They are occasionally vaccinated against influenza, smallpox and tularemia, but never against rubella, hepatitis B or H. influenzae meningitis. The Soviet immunization schedule differs significantly from the U.S. schedule only in BCG vaccine and polio immunization. Contrary to widespread belief in the United States, BCG vaccination does not necessarily render a child's tuberculin skin test positive, and it certainly does not confer total immunity to tuberculosis. MMR vaccination is essential for all Soviet immigrant children. A single update of all the other immunizations may be a wise approach when handling Soviet children's immunizations.
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PMID:Clinical management of immigrants' immunization histories: a focus on Soviet health records and BCG. 157 76

Haemophilus influenza and its extracellular products (EP) did not release histamine from basophil leukocytes in cell suspensions from normal individuals, patients with chronic bronchitis or patients allergic to either house dust mite, grass pollen, cat dander or to their own bacteria. However, the EP was found to enhance their basophil histamine release. IgE-mediated histamine release was examined by stimulation of the cells with anti-IgE or the specific allergens, and non-immunological histamine release by stimulating the cells with the calcium ionophore A23187 or Staphylococcus aureus. In all the experiments EP caused a significant increase in the histamine release. When H. influenzae endotoxins were removed from the EP, the potentiating effect of EP was completely abolished, whereas heating (80 degrees C, 30 min) or treatment of EP with proteinase did not influence the potentiating effect. These results indicate that H. influenzae endotoxin potentiates histamine release caused by IgE-mediated reactions or by non-immunological mechanisms.
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PMID:Endotoxin from Haemophilus influenzae enhances IgE-mediated and non-immunological histamine release. 168 72

Choosing appropriate antimicrobial therapy for patients with pneumonia requires knowledge of the etiologic agents seen in specific kinds of patients at specific times and places. For community-acquired pneumonia, there is an important difference in the agents seen in the normal and the compromised host. The normal host most often presents with viral, mycoplasmal, or pneumococcal pneumonia. The exact place of Chlamydia pneumoniae is still under study. A normal host who aspirates is at risk of anaerobic pneumonia. Normal hosts with influenza may acquire superinfection with Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, or Staphylococcus aureus. Under specific epidemiologic conditions, community-acquired pneumonia may be due to Legionella species, Yersinia pestis, Francisella tularensis, Coxiella burnetii, Chlamydia psittaci, a mycotic agent, or tuberculosis. Patients with chronic bronchitis and emphysema are predisposed to H. influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and S. pneumoniae infections. HIV-infected patients are likely to have Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and pneumonia due to cytomegalovirus, S. pneumoniae, and H. influenzae. Patients with diabetes, nursing-home patients, hospitalized patients, immuno-compromised patients, and patients with recent antibiotic therapy are predisposed to pneumonia due to Gram-negative aerobic bacilli of enteric and environmental origin. Initial therapy should be directed at the likely organism or organisms based on hospital susceptibility surveillance. In the normal host with community-acquired pneumonia, the therapy will often be penicillin G or erythromycin. In the patient predisposed to Gram-negative pneumonia, a third-generation cephalosporin with or without an aminoglycoside is the usual choice.
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PMID:Pneumonia. Patient profiles, choice of empiric therapy, and the place of third-generation cephalosporins. 173 Jan 86


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