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Wastewater characterization as required for implementation in ADM1 is based on the identification of the numerous concentrations of the specific compounds defined in ADM1. However, identification of the individual substrate concentrations requires specific analytical techniques and in most cases only general measurements like COD, TOC, and organic nitrogen are available. This paper describes a simple method for calculation of the lumped elemental composition of the organic substrates in the wastewater from a limited number of widely available analyses. Using the elemental composition of the lumped substrate and the elemental composition of the substrates defined in the model, the influent composition as required for input in ADM1 can be calculated. Furthermore, proper waste characterization allows for an initial analysis of the biogas flow rate and composition as well as the reactor pH that can be achieved upon organic substrate degradation, as will be demonstrated. It is hoped that the methods described in this paper will stimulate and simplify future application of ADM1.
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PMID:Waste characterization for implementation in ADM1. 1703 82

This research investigated the feasibility of coarse/fine sand filtration for removing organic materials from turkey processing wastewater. Sand filtration was tested with three organic and hydraulic loadings. Six two-layer sand bioreactors were in three groups, each with 5 cm layer of pea gravel at the bottom to support layers of fine sand (46 cm) and coarse sand (15 cm) to a height of 66 cm. The bioreactors were inoculated with a mixture of 20% (vol/vol) of wastewater lagoon sludge, 40% (vol/vol) of turkey processing wastewater, and 40% (vol/vol) of BOD(5) dilution water before starting the column operation with turkey processing wastewater. The wastewater contained 1270+/-730 mg COD/L and was applied to each sand bioreactor at hydraulic loading rates of <or= 264, 132 and 66 L/m(2)/day. Each group comprised duplicate columns with the identical hydraulic loading. A commercially available detergent, Ivory, was added to the wastewater at 0.04% (wt/vol). Maximum treatment efficiencies were reached within a week. The removal of TOC and BOD(5) was >94% during 80 days of column operation at low and medium hydraulic loading rates (132 L/m(2)/day). The removal at the highest hydraulic loading rate (264 L/m(2)/day) declined after the appearance of a black zone in the top layer of fine sand on day 30 for one reactor and day 50 for the other. The sand filtration in this study represents a feasible treatment for turkey processing wastewater and its efficiency and the life span of the process are associated with the extent of hydraulic loading of the sand bioreactors.
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PMID:Treatment of turkey processing wastewater with sand filtration. 1709 6

Characteristics of pollutants from urban surface runoff were investigated. Two catchments with a seperated system in Macau were selected for sampling on rainfall events during the period of August to November, 2005. Water quality parameters such as pH, turbidity, TSS, COD, TOC, TN, TP, Zn, Pb, and Cu were analyzed. The results show that the commercial-residential urban catchment shows high level of COD, TN, TP, and the park urban catchment has high TN and TP concentration. From the pollutograph analysis, the peak of TSS, TN, TP concentration appears in the first and the third sample respectively in ELH and YLF catchments, and then the pollutants concentration tend to decrease. Regression analysis between TSS and TN & TP in two urban catchments resulted in a high value (R2 > 0.95) of the coefficient of determination R2 indicating a close relationship between soil losses and nitrogen & phosphorus discharged from surface runoff. The profile of TSS and COD discharged from surface runoff relates greatly to the surface flow change, whereas the surface flow change has little influence on the profile of TN and TP. The heavy metals such as Zn, Pb and Cu fluctuate with the continuous input of vehicles during rainfall events. Pollutants such as TSS, TN, COD discharged from surface runoff depend greatly on the dry periods and storms intensity in such two urban catchments.
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PMID:[Characterization of urban surface runoff in two urban catchments in Macau]. 1711 27

This paper examines the effect of organic loading rate on the removal efficiency of COD and TOC anaerobic thermophilic fluidized bed reactor (AFBR) in the treatment of cutting-oil wastewater at different hydraulic retention time (HRT) conditions. The essays are development at laboratory scale using a porous support medium. The AFBR reactor was subjected to a programme of steady-state operation over a range of hydraulic retention times, HRTs, in the range 12-2h and organic loading rates, OLRs, between 11.9 and 51.3kgCOD/m(3)d. The highest efficiency was 95.9% for an OLR of 13kgCOD/m(3)d and HRT of 11h. Over an operating period of 92 days, an OLR of 51.3kgCOD/m(3)d was achieved with 67.1% COD removal efficiency (71.3% TOC) in the experimental AFBR reactor. Although the level of biogas generation was not high, the anaerobic fluidized bed technology provided significant advantages over the conventional physico-chemical treatment applied in the factory. The effluent had a better quality (lower organic loading) and it was possible to reuse it in different applications in the factory (e.g., irrigation of gardens). The biological treatment did not lead to the generation of oily sludge, which is considered as hazardous waste by legislation. Furthermore, a continuous stream is produced and this reduced the impact of large flows discharged 4-5 times per week to the urban collector and MWWTP (municipal wastewater treatment plant).
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PMID:Performance of anaerobic thermophilic fluidized bed in the treatment of cutting-oil wastewater. 1719 83

Effects of leachate recirculation loading on the efficiency of aerogenesis or methanogenesis of municipal solid wastes (MSWs) was investigated in four simulated anaerobic bioreactors (R1-R4), which were filled with 30 tons of wet weight waste each and recirculated weekly with 1.6, 0.8 and 0.2 m3 leachate and 0.1 m3 pure water, respectively. The results indicated that R1, with the highest recirculation ratio of 5.3%, began to produce landfill gas (LFG) largely after 5 weeks of leachate recirculation, while the other columns took 7-13 more weeks of lag phase time of LFG production. And LFG generation rates had good relationships with pollution loadings, such as COD and VFA in the leachate. By the 50th week, the waste in R1 was more stabilized with the highest loading rate. The accumulative transfer ratios to gas phase of TOC and COD were 28.96% and 14.57%, respectively, which meant large mount of organic matter was carried out by the effluent of the early stage and thus the potential of LFG generation was reduced. Therefore, to enhance the efficiency of LFG generation, the regimes of leachate recirculation in bioreactor landfills should be adjusted timely according to the phases of waste stabilization.
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PMID:[Impact of leachate recirculation loadings on efficiency of landfill gas (LFG) generation]. 1725 23

A study of the anaerobic digestion of wastewater from the pressing of orange peel generated in orange juice production was carried out in a laboratory-scale completely stirred tank reactor at mesophilic temperature (37 degrees C). Prior to anaerobic treatment the raw wastewater was subjected to physicochemical treatment using aluminum sulfate as a flocculant and to pH reduction using a solution of sulfuric acid. The reactor was batch fed at COD loads of 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, and 5.0 g of COD. The process was very stable for all of the loads studied, with mean pH and alkalinity values of 7.5 and 3220 mg of CaCO3/L, respectively. The anaerobic digestion of this substrate was found to follow a first-order kinetic model, from which the specific rate constants for methane production, K(G), were determined. The K(G) values decreased considerably from 0.0672 to 0.0078 L/(g h) when the COD load increased from 1.5 to 5.0 g of COD, indicating an inhibition phenomenon in the system studied. The proposed model predicted the behavior of the reactor very accurately, showing deviations of <5% between the experimental and theoretical values of methane production. The methane yield coefficient was found to be 295 mL of CH4 STP/g of COD removed, whereas the mean biodegradability of the substrate (TOC) was 88.2%. A first-order kinetic model for substrate (TOC) consumption allowed determination of the specific rate constants for substrate uptake, K(C), which also decreased with increasing loading, confirming the above-mentioned inhibition process. Finally, the evolution of the individual volatile fatty acid concentrations (acetic, C2; propionic, C3; butyric, C4; isobutyric, iC4; valeric, C5; isovaleric, iC5; and caproic, C6) with digestion time for all loads used was also studied. The main acids generated were acetic and propionic for all loads studied, facilitating the conversion into methane.
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PMID:Anaerobic digestion of wastewater derived from the pressing of orange peel generated in orange juice production. 1727 29

The present work is aimed at increasing the overall efficiency of the treatment process of distillery spent wash using a combination of different treatment techniques. Initially the effluent samples were subjected to Thermal Pretreatment (TPT-DW) and anaerobic treatment (ANA-DW). Advanced oxidation techniques, viz., Ultrasound (US) and Ozone were then used for further COD reduction followed by the conventional aerobic oxidation using mixed microbial consortium. Pretreatment of TPT-DW with US and Ozone (as stand alone techniques) enhanced the subsequent aerobic oxidation rate. For US treated sample, a maximum of 13% COD reduction was attained at the end of 48 h of aerobic oxidation, while for the ozone treated effluent a maximum of 45.6% COD reduction was obtained as compared to mere 1.8% COD reduction for the control (TPT-DW directly subjected to aerobic oxidation) indicating a 25 times increase in the rate of aerobic biodegradation of ozonated sample. Anaerobically treated effluent sample (ANA-DW) could be successfully treated aerobically. In this case, however, the use of advanced oxidation techniques did not result in any synergistic effects. The rate of the aerobic oxidation was slightly higher for the control (ANA-DW directly subjected to aerobic oxidation) as compared to the sample pretreated using ultrasound or ozonation. TOC analysis revealed that between the two pretreatments studied, ozone was found to be superior over US as it led to both COD as well as TOC reduction during the aerobic oxidation step for ANA-DW effluent stream.
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PMID:Ultrasound and ozone assisted biological degradation of thermally pretreated and anaerobically pretreated distillery wastewater. 1727 88

In order to develop a catalyst with high activity for catalytic wet oxidation (CWO) process at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, Fe2O3-CeO2-TiO2/gamma-Al2O3 catalyst was prepared by consecutive impregnation method and the prepared parameters were optimized. The structure of the catalyst was characterized by BET, XRF, SEM and XPS technologies, and the actual wastewater was used to investigate the catalytic activity of Fe2O3-CeO2-TiO2/gamma-Al2O3 in CWO process. The experimental results showed that the prepared catalyst exhibited good catalytic activity when the doping amount of Ti was 1.0 wt%/o (the weight ratio of Ti to carriers), and the middle product, CeO2-TiO2/gamma-Al2O3, was calcined in 450'C for 2 h. The CWO experiment for treating actual dye wastewater indicated that the COD, color and TOC of actual wastewater were decreased by 62.23%, 50.12% and 41.26% in 3 h, respectively, and the ratio of BODs/COD was increased from 0.19 to 0.30.
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PMID:Preparation and characterization of Fe2O3-CeO2-TiO2/gamma-Al2O3 catalyst for degradation dye wastewater. 1729 63

Fresh leachate and effluents samples were collected from the holding tank, anaerobic, anoxic, and aerobic lagoons at Shanghai Laogang Refuse Landfill, the largest landfill in China with a placement scale of 9000 t refuse per day. To characterize the difference in leachate along the treatment processes, especially the information about size distribution of colloids in those leachate, the organic matters were size-fractioned into suspended particles (SP, >1.2 microm), coarse colloids (CC, 1.2-0.45 microm), fine colloids (FC, 0.45 microm to 1 kDa MW, 1 Da=1/16 O atomic mass unit), and dissolved organic matters (DM, <1 kDa MW) using micro-filtration and ultra-filtration membranes in order. The parameters, such as COD (chemical oxygen demand), TOC (total organic carbon), TS (total solid), pH, TP (total phosphate), TN (total nitrogen), FS (fixed solid), NH4+, IC (inorganic carbon), TC (total carbon), color, turbidity and conductivity in the filtrates resulting from sequential filtration of leachate, were then determined, and quantitative relationships between these parameters and the membrane molecular sizes used were established. Typically, the total removal of COD, NH4+, conductivity and P were found to be 75%, 75%, 42% and 85%, respectively, after the biological treatment processes used at Laogang Refuse Landfill. Dissolved fractions were predominant in fresh leachate and in effluents from treatment processes in terms of TOC with a content of over 47%. The molecular weight (MW) percentage distribution in leachate varied as the leachate was treated in the biological treatment stages. The percentages of TOC of fine colloid fractions increased from 6% to 38% while those of dissolved fractions decreased from 78% to 47%. TN in leachate also predominated in the dissolved fraction, occupying over 58%, while those TP in leachate were combined with the SS and CC fractions. The ratios of ortho-phosphate/TP and NH4+/TN in leachate and effluents were over 50% and 80%, respectively.
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PMID:Size-fractionation and characterization of refuse landfill leachate by sequential filtration using membranes with varied porosity. 1729 64

An efficient treatment process for screened cow manure waste, particularly for the degradation of natural steroid hormones, was developed. The first step in this process was a draw-and-fill process for thermophilic anaerobic digestion. After fourfold dilution with tap water, continuous feeding was performed for the aerobic treatment of the effluent from the anaerobic treatment. Batchwise ozone oxidation was then carried out for the degradation of the natural steroid hormones that remained in the effluent from the aerobic treatment. A yeast two-hybrid assay was performed to evaluate hormonal degradation. Significant reductions in the concentrations of total VFA, BOD(5), COD(Cr), TOC, TS, VSS, and natural steroid hormones were demonstrated in the effluent from the biological treatments. The removal ratios of such concentrations were 99.7%, 90%, 79%, 84%, 51%, 58%, and 99%, respectively. Although the concentrations of the remaining TOC and COD(Cr) remained constant, natural steroid hormones were completely removed by ozone oxidation.
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PMID:Degradation and behavior of natural steroid hormones in cow manure waste during biological treatments and ozone oxidation. 1729 97


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