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Query: UMLS:C1835664 (TOC)
 2,763 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

What was known in the past as "obsessive psychoneurosis" was considered to be rare, chronic and difficult to treat. New definitions proposed by APA diagnostic systems (DSM III, DSM III-R, DSM IV) and the WHO (ICD-10) have opened up the possibility of epidemiologic studies in the population as a whole and among patients consulting psychiatrists and general practitioners. All these studies reveal a much higher prevalence, the incidence increasing from 0.05% (former estimate) to about 2.5% of the general population (American ECA survey). This implies new clinical and etiopathogenic concepts of this pathology. Experience of so-called antidepressant drugs, with an essentially serotoninergic action, bringing about a notable improvement in obsessive disorders, has greatly contributed to these changes. COD and COS are very often interlinked with other psychiatric symptomatology, this frequent co-morbidity raising the question of the autonomy of certain syndromes, as well as that of the borders between the normal and pathological. The TOC of clinicians are not the same as the TOC of epidemiologists. Another problem is that of the role played by these obsessive disorders in what has been referred to as "general neurotic syndrome". What is the relationship between mood disorders and anxious pathology as a whole, insofar as the same drugs are indicated in these various disease patterns. We report here the results of the DRT survey involving patients presenting for the first time to psychiatrists in office practice and concerning 731 COD and COS, i.e. 17 % of 4 364 adult out-patients (6.5 % definite COD, 2.7 % probable COD and 7.5 % COS).
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PMID:[Obsessive disorders and syndromes and affective disorders. Apropos of a French epidemiologic obsessive compulsive disorders and obsessive compulsive syndromes DRT survey]. 876 24

The degradation, by several advanced oxidation reactions, of a pulp mill ECF bleaching effluent, was studied. The initial biodegradability of the organic matter present in the effluent, estimated as the BOD5/COD, was low (0.3). When the effluent was submitted to ozonation and to five different advanced oxidation systems (O3/UV, O3/UV/ZnO, O3/UV/TiO2, O2/UV/ZnO, O2/UV/TiO2), the biodegradability increase significantly. After five minutes of reaction, the O3/UV system appears as the most efficient in to transform the organic matter to more biodegradable forms. A similar effect was observed when the effluent was submitted to an activated sludge treatment. The COD, TOC and toxicity reduction correlated well with the biodegradability enhancement after AOPs treatments.
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PMID:Advanced oxidation of a pulp mill bleaching wastewater. 1052 Apr 85

A lab-scale hybrid upflow sludge bed-filter (USBF) reactor was employed to carry out methanogenesis and denitrification of the effluent from an anaerobic industrial reactor (EAIR) in a fish canning industry. The reactor was initially inoculated with methanogenic sludge and there were two different operational steps. During the first step (Step I: days 1-61), the methanogenic process was carried out at organic loading rates (OLR) of 1.0-1.25 g COD l-1 d-1 reaching COD removal percentages of 80%. During the second step (Step II: days 62-109) nitrate was added as KNO3 to the industrial effluent and the OLR was varied between 1.0 and 1.25 g COD l-1 d-1. Two different nitrogen loads of 0.10 and 0.22 g NO3(-)-N l-1 d-1 were applied and these led to nitrogen removal percentages of around 100% in both cases and COD removal percentages of around 80%. Carbon to nitrogen ratio (C:N) in the influent was maintained at 2.0 and eventually it was increased to 3.0, by means of glucose addition, to control the denitrification process. From these results it is possible to establish that wastewater produced in a fish canning industry can be used as a carbon source for denitrification and that denitrifying microorganisms were present in the initially methanogenic sludge. Biomass productions of 0.23 and 0.61 g VSS:g TOC fed for Steps I and II, respectively, were calculated from carbon global balances, showing an increase in biomass growth due to denitrification.
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PMID:Simultaneous methanogenesis and denitrification of pretreated effluents from a fish canning industry. 1122 93

Domestic and wine-distillery wastewaters were treated by semi-batch and continuous pH sequential ozonations. The process involves a succession of acidic and alkaline wastewater pH conditions. The alkaline periods allow oxidation of organic matter by hydroxyl radical and produce carbonates that eventually would inhibit the oxidation. On the other hand, the acidic periods favour the development of direct ozone reactions and strip off carbonates as carbon dioxide from the wastewater. Experimental results of pH sequential ozonation showed degradation and removal rates of wastewater pollutants higher than those achieved at constant either acidic or basic pH. The most significant improvement of ozone efficiency and pollutants removal were obtained by controlling the number of cycles, pH and time of acidic and alkaline phases. Also, ozonated wastewaters showed high biodegradability as deduced from their BOD/COD ratios. The feasibility of treating domestic and wine-distillery wastewater by an integrated activated sludge (ASP)-pH sequential ozonation system was evaluated. Integrated ASP-ozonation at constant pH processes were also carried out for comparative purposes. In these combined experiments, pH sequential ozonation showed advantages compared to ozonation at constant pH in reducing global parameters such as COD, TOC and TKN, but ozonation at constant pH led to higher removal of polyphenols and UV254 absorbing compounds.
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PMID:pH sequential ozonation of domestic and wine-distillery wastewaters. 1123 88

Xenobiotic organics produced by modern industrial processes resist conventional biological wastewater treatment. Ozone pretreatment to improve biodegradation via partial oxidation is a potential solution for this recalcitrance. Ozone forms no additional sludge, removes colour and has two modes of action that can be utilised according to the wastewater constituents. The preozonation of a variety of wastewaters and model compounds is reviewed here. Of the industrial processes examined, the associated recalcitrant organic compounds were generally halogenated heterocyclic or nitrogenous aromatics, aliphatic polymers or polyaromatics. Initial optimisation of ozone dose ensured the occurrence of partial oxidation, where over 90% parent compound transformation was required to give best results in the subsequent biological process. Ozonation intermediate and end-products included ketones, aldehydes and organic acids that were more biodegradable than the parent compounds. Biodegradability improvement was assessed using TOC, COD, BOD, BOD/COD ratio and OUR. Actual process feasibility and performance was evaluated using various combined ozonation-biodegradation trials; textile dying and finishing effluent being one area of application. Kinetic studies of chemical and biological stages facilitated process optimisation and can assist scale-up. The main factors affecting ozonation performance were pH, the nature and concentration of oxidisable organics, ozone dose, competition between the target compound and biodegradable by-products, the presence of oxidant scavengers, and the efficiency of ozone mass transfer. The formation of toxic or recalcitrant by-products has been found to occur in some cases, necessitating knowledge of wastewater constituents and trials on a site-by-site basis.
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PMID:Partial oxidation by ozone to remove recalcitrance from wastewaters--a review. 1132 4

Ozonation and O3/H2O2 oxidation of reactive dyestuffs and simulated textile dye-bath were investigated. Effects of reaction pH, initial dye concentration, H2O2 concentration and assisting chemicals on treatment efficiency were examined. We found considerable improvement in COD and colour removal rates at pH = 11, that was almost the actual pH of the prepared textile wastewater, whereas in particular increasing the initial dyestuff concentration had an adverse effect upon oxidation rates. Removal of colour, COD and TOC were found to be fairly sensitive to the introduction of soda that is frequently applied as an auxiliary chemical during the reactive dyeing process. The addition of H2O2 had negligible effect on COD removal efficiency and decolorization rate compared to ozonation alone at different pH values. Accordingly it can be inferred that the theoretically expected effect of OH radical scavengers (e.g. carbonate, chloride) present in the synthetic dye-bath as well as introduced radical formation promoters (e.g. H2O2, OH-) were probably hidden due to the complexity of the synthetic wastewater matrix. Biodegradability of the ozonated dye-bath was accelerated by a factor of three corresponding to a 233% relative enhancement. The inhibition of the oxygen uptake rate decreased from 91% to 75% within only 5 min treatment time.
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PMID:Partial oxidation of reactive dyestuffs and synthetic textile dye-bath by the O3 and O3/H2O2 processes. 1138 Jan 83

This study investigated the decomposition of high strength p-nitrophenol (PNP) of 2,000 mg/l (3,400 mg of COD/1,250 mg of TOC) by catalytic wet air oxidation. Multi-component heterogeneous catalysts were used as catalysts for this purpose. The study results using a batch reactor showed that catalyst "D" (Mn-Ce-Zr 22.4 g plus CuSO4 1.0 g; Mn-Ce-Zr-Cu [CuSO4]) was more effective (56-74%) than catalyst "A" (Mn-Ce-Zr 22.4 g) under the given conditions (O2 partial pressure of 1.0 MPa; temperature of 170-190 degrees C; 30 min of reaction time). The best result was obtained when 2 g of Mn-Ce-Zr-Cu [CuSO4] was used per 1L of PNP aqueous solution. COD and TOC removal efficiencies were 18% and 23% without catalysts during 20 min of reaction at 190 degrees C. They were improved to 79% and 71% with 2 g/L of Mn-Ce-Zr-Cu [CuSO4] under the same conditions. The ratio of BOD5/COD was measured to evaluate biodegradability. It was 0.05 without catalyst and increased to 0.33 with 2 g/L of Mn-Ce-Zr-Cu [CuSO4] for 20 min of reaction.
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PMID:Catalytic wet air oxidation of p-nitrophenol (PNP) aqueous solution using multi-component heterogeneous catalysts. 1138 Jan 84

This study has determined the purification performance and the basic principles for the design of an anaerobic SBR (ASBR) to be used to treat wastewater generated in the food industries. Two ASBR's were set up and one fed with a slaughterhouse effluent at low concentration, the other with concentrated dairy wastewater. The maximum loading rate applied should not exceed 4.5 g of COD/L/day for the dilute effluent and 6 g of COD/L/day for the concentrated effluent. At higher loading rates, the reactors become difficult to operate, mainly because of sludge removal problems, and purification efficiency declines. A detailed study of the kinetics (TOC, VFA, rate of biogas production) throughout one treatment cycle led to the development of a simple control strategy based on the monitoring of the biogas production rate which was then applied to the reactor treating the dairy wastewater. After automation, the reactor worked free of problems at an average pollution load of 5.4 g of COD/L/day.
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PMID:The anaerobic SBR process: basic principles for design and automation. 1138 7

In this paper, the performance of a photoassisted electrolysis process, for the degradation of organic pollutants, is investigated. Results obtained in this work have shown that the thermally prepared anode of titanium, coated with 70TiO2/30RuO2, exhibits photoactivity and may be used for the treatment of effluents. A synthetic phenol aqueous solution and a real paper mill industry effluent were treated. Kinetic analysis showed a synergetic effect of electrolysis and photocatalysis and degradation rates are an order of magnitude greater than the sum of the results reached by using both processes individually. Using a 125 W mercury bulb and 20 mA cm-2, the phenol concentration decayed 85% in 90 min and 70% reduction of TOC was obtained. In the application of the treatment process for the degradation of the E1 bleach Kraft mill effluent, total phenols were practically eliminated in a short period of processing time, and color, usually resistant to biological treatment, was reduced to 10% from its initial value measured in terms of absorbance. Reductions of AOX, COD, and BOD by 25%, 30%, and 35%, respectively, were also observed.
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PMID:Photoassisted electrochemical degradation of organic pollutants on a DSA type oxide electrode: process test for a phenol synthetic solution and its application for the E1 bleach Kraft mill effluent. 1145 21

Our research aimed to evaluate intermittent soil infiltration of treated sewage for reuse in the north of Chile. Aerated lagoon effluent was infiltrated in columns packed with native soils (sandy-lime, lime-gravel and limey-sand). Columns were operated for more than a year under different cycles of filling and drying, depths and load pressures depending on soil characteristics. The efficiency of the system was determined through influent-effluent microbiological indicators level (faecal coliforms, E. coli, Salmonella spp, MS2 phage, and protozoan cysts), physicochemical characterisation (TOC, COD, BOD, nitrogen), and hydraulic flow measurement. Results showed: (a) high reduction of enteric bacteria (5-7 log10), some inactivation of phage (2-4 log10) and complete removal of intestinal cyst; (b) stable removal of organic matter (80-90% reduction of TOC, COD, BOD); and (c) partial ammonia reduction through adsorption and nitrification with denitrification mainly occurring in sandy soil. Preliminary data from pilot plant working in the field showed better results that those obtained in the laboratory especially removal of microbiological indicators. Microbiological quality of effluent met Class A regulations for agricultural reuse (WHO, 1989) and the system looks like an attractive alternative to cope with water shortage in the region.
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PMID:Water quality improvement of treated wastewater by intermittent soil percolation. 1146 52


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