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Query: UMLS:C1519176 (PSA)
 5,490 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We selected serums from 51 fully characterized prostate cancer patients and 48 biopsy-proven BPH patients in order to test the ability of the ratio of the free/total PSA in distinguishing between CaP and BPH patients in the best case scenario. The 51 cancer patients had cancer volumes ranging from 2.0-17.8 mL and had a median % free PSA of 8.9%. The 48 BPH patients, which had prostate volumens ranging from 36.9-313.8 mL, had a median % free PSA of 16.5%, almost twice that of the CaP patients. We also examined the physiological variation of serums drawn on the same patient over a reasonably short time (mean of 22 days). The variation between consecutive redraws on the same patient was measured to be 30% (95% confidence interval) in the PSA range of 4-10 micrograms/L, measured on the Hybritech Tandem-R PSA Assay.
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PMID:Clinical usefulness of free and complexed PSA. 754 82

PSA (prostate specific antigen) and PSMA (prostate specific membrane antigen) serum levels were determined in over 235 prostate cancer patients from 8 different United States clinical urological cancer centers. The clinical data were not known until after the serum assay results were shared with all participants to attempt to eliminate possible clinical bias. PSA values are useful in the clinical diagnosis and staging of prostate cancer patients, and generally fall to low values in response to effective treatment, e.g., surgery, hormones, radiation, chemotherapy. PSMA values are not related to clinical stage but if elevated can fall in response to effective treatments. In contrast, PSMA values can be elevated post-treatment in the presence of very low PSA levels (0.01 to 0.00). The elevated PSMA levels predicted a state of clinical progression or clinical resistance in most cases (> 70%). PSMA levels in this study were of better prognostic value than PSA.
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PMID:Comparison of prostate specific membrane antigen, and prostate specific antigen levels in prostatic cancer patients. 754 69

Biological behavior of prostatic cancer is influenced by different tumor factors. The proliferative activity of the malignancies could be one of those parameters which serve as basis to design therapy and to estimate prognosis. Here ploidity and S-phase fraction of 44 prostatic cancer obtained by radical prostatectomy were compared to other known tumor characteristics (PSA, staging, grading). There are correlations between the PSA concentration, grading, staging and S phase fraction. The ploidity correlates with the grading. Neither of kinetic parameter correlated with the nodal involvement.
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PMID:[Flow cytometric examinations of patients after radical surgery for prostatic cancer]. 759 91

The ability of primary tumours to metastasize accounts for the majority of cancer deaths. The emergence of circulating carcinoma cells in the peripheral blood is supposed to be an indicator for cancer cell spread. We have focused on this phenomenon in order to develop a sensitive technique for enriching epithelial derived cells on the basis of a two-layer density gradient and subsequent immune magnetic cell sorting. Epithelial cells are possess a cytoskeleton containing an assembly of intermediate filaments. During carcinogenesis these filaments do not undergo modifications of antibody binding epitopes such as occur in the protein domains of surface markers. We have developed a two-layer density gradient in which the epithelial cells form a single density band. This was demonstrated by recovery experiments using [3H]thymidine-labelled epithelial cells which showed epithelial cells were enriched within this first step by a factor of 20. In a second step the MACS system was applied. Cells were stained with a performed FITC-conjugated mouse anti-human cytokeratin antibody bound to a rat anti-mouse antibody coupled to superparamagnetic particles (immune paramagnetic separation complex; IPSC) and subjected to high gradient magnetic fields. The two-step procedure was confirmed by dispersing 50 epithelial cells in 5 x 10(5), 5 x 10(6), 5 x 10(7), 5 x 10(8), 5 x 10(9) peripheral blood leucocytes. Specific binding of the preformed IPSC was demonstrated by flow cytometry, confocal laser, fluorescent and electron microscopy. The specificity of the method was further proved by dual staining with IPSC and anti-human PSA antibody of epithelial prostatic cells separated from peripheral blood in vitro. By means of this double-step separation method it was possible to isolate up to 15-20 cells out of 50 epithelial cells originally suspended into 5 x 10(7) to 5 x 10(9) human peripheral blood leucocytes. This represented an enrichment factor between 20,000 and 200,000, depending on the initial cell number. The immunologically captured epithelial cells can be used for further cytogenetic investigations such as in situ hybridization (ISH) and/or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect cancer cell specific gene aberrations. This sensitive combined buoyant density immune magnetic cell separation technique is capable of detecting free carcinoma cells in the peripheral blood.
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PMID:An immunological enrichment method for epithelial cells from peripheral blood. 760 48

Prostate cancer is an important disease causing a considerable number of new cases, deaths and premature loss of life each year. Three screening tests have been suggested: DRE, TRUS and PSA measurement in venous blood. From aggregated data from studies examining the performance of these tests, DRE or PSA measurement look the most promising with respect to their estimated detection rates and false positive rates (detection rate [DR] = 68%, false positive rate [FPR] = 5% for DRE and DR = 79%, FPR = 8% for PSA with a cut off of > 4 micrograms/l). However, these results are tentative-more research is needed on the performance of these screening tests. In particular, the prevalence of prostate cancer in the studies was considerably higher than that expected in the general population and so the OAPR estimates derived are more favourable than predicted. A randomized controlled trial of prostate cancer screening is needed to know whether screening reduces mortality from this disease, although this would take about 10 years to perform. Current stage distribution and 5 year survival data suggest that if screening could increase the proportion of cancers diagnosed at the localized clinically inapparent stage from 23% (currently diagnosed) to 100%, this would represent an equivalent reduction in mortality of 48%-about 1500 lives saved per year if screening were offered to 55-74 year old men. When more substantive information is available on the potential screening tests, it may be appropriate to conduct a randomized controlled trial. In the meantime, any ad hoc screening should be strongly discouraged.
Cancer Surv 1995
PMID:An epidemiologist's viewpoint on screening. 762 53

New insights regarding the biology of hormone resistant CaP have shown that major growth factors other than testosterone are responsible for cellular proliferation of androgen resistant prostate cancer cells. In vitro studies have confirmed the efficacy of growth factor inhibitors such as suramin in reducing cellular proliferation of androgen dependent LNCaP and independent PC-3 CaP cell lines as well as CaP cells obtained by primary culture. Initial clinical trials using high dose suramin (peak serum concentration 250-300 micrograms/ml) as monotherapy in patients with hormone resistant CaP have shown some promise, but the duration of response to therapy has been short lived and suramin toxicity is a problem. To minimize toxicity without reducing anti-tumour activity, studies evaluating its use in combination with other cytotoxic drugs are attractive in CaP. Suramin and doxorubicin, tumour necrosis factor and EMP have shown synergy in vitro. However, in a phase II clinical trial using combination therapy with low dose suramin (140 micrograms/ml) and mitomycin C in 32 patients, there was one complete response and six partial responses, and in 15 patients, the disease had stabilized. The median time to treatment failure was 103 days, and the median survival was 209 days. This regimen caused significant toxicities. The present study has shown that the combination of EMP 280 mg twice a day and suramin 1 g weekly infusions for 6 weeks, compared to EMP 280 mg alone, showed a statistically significant difference in the rate of depression of PSA levels after 3 and 6 months of treatment (p < 0.01) and a statistically significant reduction in bone pain and requirement for analgesics in patients on combination therapy-100% compared to 0% for patients on EMP alone.
Cancer Surv 1995
PMID:UK studies on suramin therapy in hormone resistant prostate cancer. 762 60

"Incidental" cancer refers to predominantly well differentiated cancer that arises in the transition zone and is found by chance in TURP chips. These tumours are frequently small and may be completely resected by TURP, although a significant number have an additional tumour that is unreachable with a resectoscope. These tumours often co-exist with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Putative precursors of incidental carcinoma include high grade PIN and AAH, and these lesions are frequently found in the transition zone in prostatectomies for cancer. The single most significant question in treating incidental adenocarcinoma is how to separate tumours that will progress from those that will not progress during the expected lifetime of the patient. The 1992 revision of the TNM staging system separated non-aggressive (T1a) and aggressive (T1b) incidental cancer according to the number of foci of cancer, using more than three foci as the cutpoint to identify more aggressive cancer. However, 8-37% of patients with T1 a cancer will develop cancer progression within 10 years if untreated, with the risk of progression increasing with additional years of follow-up. Important prognostic factors include the patient's age, tumour location (peripheral zone v. transition zone), tumour grade, tumour volume, serum PSA concentrations and morphometric factors such as nuclear roundness. Studies directed at early detection allow discovery of increasingly smaller cancers.
Cancer Surv 1995
PMID:The pathology of incidental carcinoma. 762 75

Our findings demonstrate the presence of VDR in various human prostate cancer cell lines and in primary cultures derived from normal, BPH and prostate cancer. In addition, 1,25-D induced several bioresponses in these cells including growth inhibition and PSA stimulation. Based on examples in many different malignant cells as well as our data in prostate cells, that vitamin D is anti-proliferative and promotes cellular maturation, it seem clear that vitamin D must be viewed as an important cellular modulator of growth and differentiation if addition to its classical role as regulator of calcium homeostasis. In this respect, vitamin D has the potential to have beneficial actions on various malignancies including prostate cancer. Its ultimate role in prostate cancer remains to be determined, but 1,25-D may prove useful in chemoprevention and/or differentiation therapy. We believe the data currently available provide the basis for an optimistic view on the possible use of vitamin D to treat prostate cancer in patients and that further investigation is clearly warranted to better define its potential therapeutic utility.
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PMID:Vitamin D and prostate cancer. 764 28

The biological behavior of prostatic cancer is influenced by many host and tumor factors. The proliferative activity of the malignancies can be one of those parameters which serve as the basis to estimate prognosis and design treatment. Here, DNA content and S-phase fraction of prostatic cancer samples obtained by radical prostatectomy from 46 patients were related to other known tumor characteristics (PSA, staging, grading). Nuclei from the paraffin embedded materials were isolated with overnight trypsin-ribonuclease mixture digestion. DNA content and cell cycle distribution were determined by flow cytometry. A correlation was found between the PSA concentration, grading and staging on the one hand and S-phase fraction on the other. DNA content correlated with grading. No kinetic parameter correlated with the nodal involvement. Due to the association between abnormal DNA content plus SPF > 5% with advanced stage and less differentiated appearance of the tumor, we can conclude that these parameters are useful to estimate prognosis.
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PMID:DNA content of prostatic cancer measured by flow cytometry in patients undergoing radical prostatectomy. 764 37

The serum concentration of the cell proliferation marker TPS (tissue polypeptide-specific antigen) was compared with the tumour marker PSA (prostate specific antigen). PSA was found elevated in 50% of the benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) patients, in 88% of the patients with active prostate cancer and in 40% of the patients who were in an inactive phase. For TPS these values were 6, 34 and 0%, respectively. The metastatic progression was biochemically mirrored by pronounced elevations of PSA and TPS. These data suggest that TPS might be a valuable adjunct in the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with prostate cancer, especially in differentiating benign from malignant deterioration of the disease.
Eur J Cancer 1993
PMID:Tissue polypeptide-specific antigen: a discriminative parameter between prostate cancer and benign prostatic hypertrophy. 767 80


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