Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C1389183 (autodigestion)
 317 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Hereditary pancreatitis is due to heterozygosity for gain-of-function mutations in the cationic trypsinogen gene which result in increased levels of active trypsin within pancreatic acinar cells and autodigestion of the pancreas. The number of disease-causing defects is generally considered to be low. To gain further insight into the molecular basis of this disorder, DNA sequence analysis of all five exons was performed in 109 unrelated patients with idiopathic chronic pancreatitis in order to determine the variability of the underlying mutations. Two German females and one German male were carriers of the most common N29I and R122H mutations (trypsinogen numbering system). In a Turkish proband, an arginine (CGT) to cysteine (TGT) substitution at amino acid position 116 was identified. Family screening demonstrated that the patient had inherited the mutation from his asymptomatic father and that he had transmitted it to both of his children, his daughter being symptomatic since the age of 3 years. In addition, a German male was found to be a heterozygote for a D100H (GAC-->CAC) amino acid replacement. Our data provide evidence for genetic heterogeneity of hereditary pancreatitis. The growing number of cationic trypsinogen mutations is expected to change current mutation screening practices for this disease.
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PMID:R116C mutation of cationic trypsinogen in a Turkish family with recurrent pancreatitis illustrates genetic microheterogeneity of hereditary pancreatitis. 1184 79

Acute pancreatitis is a common disease varying widely in severity. At present, there is no "gold standard" for the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis. Currently, the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis is based on measurements of serum amylase and/or lipase activity, which are considered unsatisfactory due to their low level of accuracy. Early identification of acute pancreatitis and especially detection of patients with a severe form of the disease is of utmost importance. Premature intrapancreatic activation of trypsinogen is a crucial early event in the pathophysiology of acute pancreatitis. The conversion of trypsinogen to active trypsin is mediated by the release of its activation peptide (TAP). The active trypsin is then able to activate other pancreatic zymogens (i.e. procarboxypeptidase) leading to tissue damage and eventually to autodigestion of the pancreas. To improve the laboratory diagnostics of AP, new methods have been developed to measure this primary pancreatic proteolytic insult. Here we review the current knowledge and clinical implications of trypsin based laboratory methods and carboxypeptidase activation peptide (CAPAP) in the diagnosis and severity assessment of acute pancreatitis.
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PMID:Trypsin-based laboratory methods and carboxypeptidase activation peptide in acute pancreatitis. 1188 65

Hereditary pancreatitis is an autosomal dominant condition, which results in recurrent attacks of acute pancreatitis, progressing to chronic pancreatitis often at a young age. The majority of patients with hereditary pancreatitis express one of two mutations (R122H or N29I) in the cationic trypsinogen gene (PRSS1 gene). It has been hypothesised that one of these mutations, the R122H mutation causes pancreatitis by altering a trypsin recognition site so preventing deactivation of trypsin within the pancreas and prolonging its action, resulting in autodigestion. Families with these two mutations have been identified in many countries and there are also other rarer mutations, which have also been linked to hereditary pancreatitis. Patients with hereditary pancreatitis present in the same way as those with sporadic pancreatitis but at an earlier age. It is common for patients to remain undiagnosed for many years, particularly if they present with non-specific symptoms. Hereditary pancreatitis should always be considered in patients who present with recurrent pancreatitis with a family history of pancreatic disease. If patients with the 2 common mutations are compared, those with the R122H mutation are more likely to present at a younger age and are more likely to require surgical intervention than those with N29I. Hereditary pancreatitis carries a 40 % lifetime risk of pancreatic cancer with those patients aged between 50 to 70 being most at risk in whom screening tests may become important.
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PMID:Hereditary pancreatitis. 1250 40

Pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor (PSTI) is a potent natural inhibitor of trypsin. We proposed the hypothesis that, if the function of the PSTI is impaired by its genetic mutation, trypsin may easily promote autodigestion causing pancreatitis and we performed a mutational analysis of the PSTI gene in patients with pancreatitis. Two exonic mutations (N34S and R67C) were thought to be associated with a predisposition to pancreatitis. The N34S mutation was co-segregated with two intronic mutations, IVS1-37T>C and IVS3-69insTTTT. Although we analyzed the function of the recombinant N34S protein, we could not demonstrate the loss of function of this protein. Intronic mutations, rather than N34S itself (IVS1-37T>C + N34S + IVS3-69insTTTT complex), may be associated with the decreased function of the PSTI. Alternatively, increased digestion of N34S in vivo may be applicable. As for R67C, the conformational alteration of the protein by forming intra-molecular or inter-molecular disulfide bonds with 67Cys was strongly suggested. These results, along with the brand-new findings in PSTI knockout mice, suggest that the genetic mutation of the PSTI is one of the important mechanisms for predisposition to pancreatitis by lowering the trypsin inhibitory function.
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PMID:From acute to chronic pancreatitis: the role of mutations in the pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor gene. 1262 64

Pancreatitis presents clinically as acute and chronic form. A common characteristic of these two forms is enzymatic autodigestion of pancreas in the course of the disease. It results from premature activation of pancreatic digestive enzymes and disturbance of subtle balance between proteolytic enzymes and their inhibitors. The way to understand the character of mechanisms leading to development of pancreatitis has been simplified by discovery of genetic factors, which are able to initiate pathological changes at tissue level. Mutations in the PRSS1 gene (first of all R122H and N29I mutations), which encodes for cationic trypsin, cause trypsin to be protected from autodegradation. These mutations also cause precursor of trypsin - trypsinogen, to be activated easier. On the other hand mutations in the SPINK1 gene have been identified. SPINK1 gene encodes for the most important protease inhibitor of the pancreatic fluid. The most frequent mutation, namely N34S, decrease SPINK1 protein in its activity. The link between the genotype and phenotype is not clear in every case. It is probable that pancreatitis will be recognized as poligenic with many genes engaged in the disease development. Pancreatic cancer is a frequent consequence of pancreatitis. It is a very invasive cancer with high mortality. In the course of pancreatic inflammation intensive cell proliferation takes place for regeneration of pancreas damage. It is the chance for amplification of pathological changes in DNA, which have arisen as a ROS's (Reactive Oxygen Species) and RNOS's (Reactive Nitrogen Oxide Species) action effect. ROS and RNOS are generated in the course of pancreas inflammation.
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PMID:[Hereditary aspects of pancreatitis]. 1313 Jan 70

SPINK1 can inhibit up to 20% of trypsin activity, and may constitute one major mechanism to protect the pancreas from autodigestion. In 2000, Witt et al. first recognized the association between mutations in the SPINK1 gene and chronic pancreatitis (CP), but the significance of SPINK1 gene mutation in pancreatitis and its relation to alcohol consumption remains unclear in Japan. The aim of the present paper was to clarify the incidence of SPINK1 mutations in CP patients with various etiologies in Japan and, in addition, to examine the relationship between alcohol metabolism and the polymorphisms in the key enzymes, alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (ALDH2). A total of 156 patients with CP, and 165 healthy volunteers, all Japanese, were examined for the SPINK1 mutations by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism and direct sequencing. In Japan, the prevalence of [N34S; IVS1-37T > C] and [-215G > A; IVS3 + 2T > C] was significantly higher in patients with idiopathic CP (10.6% and 12.8%, respectively) than normal subjects (0.6% and 0%). The frequency of the [-215G > A; IVS3 + 2T > C] mutation in Japan was significantly higher than that reported in other populations. Concerning alcoholic CP, the [-215G > A; IVS3 + 2T > C] mutation was found in only a small number of patients (3.9%). On analysis of ADH2 and ALDH2 gene polymorphisms an association was found between ADH2*2 allele and alcoholic CP, and the ADH2*2/2*2 genotype had a tendency to increase the risk of developing pancreatic pseudocyst. In conclusion, in Japan the [-215G > A; IVS3 + 2T > C] mutation in the SPINK1 gene may form a unique genetic background for pancreatitis.
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PMID:SPINK1 gene mutations and pancreatitis in Japan. 1695 72

Fibrocalculous pancreatitis diabetes (FCPD), a late stage of tropical chronic pancreatitis (TCP), is classified as a secondary cause of diabetes mellitus resulting from pancreatic exocrine dysfunction. The distinctive features of FCPD and TCP are young age at onset, presence of large intraductal pancreatic calculi, and reported mainly in tropical developing countries. Their etiology is still obscure, but the autodigestion due to aberrant intraductal activation of zymogens by trypsin is thought to be a primary common event. Recently, mutations in SPINKI gene encoding a pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor have been reported in association with an increased risk of pancreatitis. We describe a heterozygous mutation, IVS3+2 T>C, of SPINK1 gene in a young Thai female patient with typical presentation of FCPD. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the SPINK1 gene mutation in a FCPD patient in Southeast Asia.
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PMID:A SPINK1 gene mutation in a Thai patient with fibrocalculous pancreatic diabetes. 1712 Sep 80

Enzymatic digestion of proteins is a key step in protein identification by mass spectrometry (MS). Traditional solution-based protein digestion methods require long incubation times and are limitations for high throughput proteomics research. Recently, solid phase digestion (e.g. trypsin immobilization on solid supports) has become a useful strategy to accelerate the speed of protein digestion and eliminate autodigestion by immobilizing and isolating the enzyme moieties on solid supports. Monolithic media is an attractive support for immobilization of enzymes due to its unique properties that include fast mass transfer, stability in most solvents, and versatility of functional groups on the surfaces of monoliths. We prepared immobilized trypsin monolithic capillaries for on-column protein digestion, analyzed the digested peptides through LC/FTICR tandem MS, and compared peptide mass fingerprinting by MALDI-TOF-MS. To further improve the digestion efficiency for low abundance proteins, we introduced C4 functional groups onto the monolith surfaces to combine on-column protein enrichment and digestion. Compared with immobilized trypsin monolithic capillaries without C4, the immobilized trypsin-C4 monolith showed improved digestion efficiency. A mechanism for increased efficiency from the combination of sample enrichment and on-column digestion is also proposed in this paper. Moreover, we investigated the effects of organic solvent on digestion and detection by comparing the observed digested peptide sequences. Our data demonstrated that all columns showed good tolerance to organic solvents and maintained reproducible enzymatic activity for at least 30 days.
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PMID:A bifunctional monolithic column for combined protein preconcentration and digestion for high throughput proteomics research. 1715 Apr 20

New insight in the field of chronic pancreatitis was provided by the discovery of protease serine 1 (PRSS1) mutation, inherited by autosomal dominant trait in hereditary pancreatitis. Serine protease inhibitor, Kazal type 1 (SPINK1) is a potent protease inhibitor which prevents premature intrapancreatic activation of trypsin and pancreatic autodigestion. Strong associations of SPINK1 mutation and different forms of pancreatitis were suggested. However, it is unlikely that SPINK1 mutation alone can cause chronic pancreatitis. This mutation acts as a disease-modifier or plays a role within polygenic or multifactorial models. A 23 year-old young woman with chronic pancreatitis was recently discovered to have SPINK1 N34S heterozygous mutation cosegregated with two intronic mutations, IVS1-37TC and IVS3-69insTTTT, during the evaluation for potential cause of chronic idiopathic pancreatitis. The same mutation was identified in her mother. This is the first report in Korea suggesting that SPINK1 mutation would be a possible cause of chronic pancreatitis in a patient with familial background.
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PMID:[SPINK1 N34S mutation as a possible cause of chronic pancreatitis in a patient with familial background]. 1764 57

Today proteases have become an integral part of the food and feed industry, and plant latex could be a potential source of novel proteases with unique substrate specificities and biochemical properties. A new protease named "wrightin" is purified from the latex of the plant Wrightia tinctoria (Family Apocynaceae) by cation-exchange chromatography. The enzyme is a monomer having a molecular mass of 57.9 kDa (MALDI-TOF), an isoelectric point of 6.0, and an extinction coefficient (epsilon1%280) of 36.4. Optimum activity is achieved at a pH of 7.5-10 and a temperature of 70 degrees C. Wrightin hydrolyzes denatured natural substrates such as casein, azoalbumin, and hemoglobin with high specific activity; for example, the Km value is 50 microM for casein as substrate. Wrightin showed weak amidolytic activity toward L-Ala-Ala-p-nitroanilide but completely failed to hydrolyze N-alpha-benzoyl- DL-arginine-p-nitroanilide (BAPNA), a preferred substrate for trypsin-like enzymes. Complete inhibition of enzyme activity by serine protease inhibitors such as PMSF and DFP indicates that the enzyme belongs to the serine protease class. The enzyme was not inhibited by SBTI and resists autodigestion. Wrightin is remarkably thermostable, retaining complete activity at 70 degrees C after 60 min of incubation and 74% of activity after 30 min of incubation at 80 degrees. Besides, the enzyme is very stable over a broad range of pH from 5.0 to 11.5 and remains active in the presence of various denaturants, surfactants, organic solvents, and metal ions. Thus, wrightin might be a potential candidate for various applications in the food and biotechnological industries, especially in operations requiring high temperatures.
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PMID:A stable serine protease, wrightin, from the latex of the plant Wrightia tinctoria (Roxb.) R. Br.: purification and biochemical properties. 1822 Mar 46


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