Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C1291077 (bloating)
 1,674 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Octylonium bromide (OB) is a drug with spasmolytic properties acting selectively on the smooth muscle of the gastrointestinal tract by interfering with calcium mobilization from extra- and intra-cellular deposits. The etiopathogenetic implications of a psychosomatic nature of the irritable bowel syndrome amply justify the use of a spasmolytic (OB) with a benzodiazepine. In our study, we compared the combination OB + DZ (20 mg + 2 mg) T.I.D. versus OB alone (20 mg) in 30 patients suffering from irritable bowel syndrome. The double-blind study lasting 3 weeks was aimed at evaluating gastrointestinal symptoms (bowel motions, aspect of faeces, abdominal pain, pre-evacuation pain, bloating) during the three days preceding the study and during the last five days of treatment, as well as the anxiogenic situation as assessed by the STAI scale (State Tract Anxiety Inventory) before and at the end of the treatment period. The results obtained showed that both treatments considerably reduced gastrointestinal symptoms even though OB alone did not appear to be equally effective and the anxiety component was significantly reduced only by treatment with the combination. The absence of side effects and the perfect tolerability of both treatments showed the OB + D combination T.I.D. to be the treatment of choice for patients suffering from irritable bowel syndrome.
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PMID:[Otilonium bromide-diazepam in the treatment of the irritable colon. A controlled study versus otilonium bromide]. 139 55

Calcium polycarbophil is the calcium salt of polyacrylic acid crosslinked with divinyl glycol. It is chemically and physiologically inert. In dilute alkali it possesses marked hydrophilic capacity (60 to 100 times its weight), which is the basis for its therapeutic use. In daily dosages of 4 to 5 g in adults, it appears to be quite safe, is non-toxic, does not interfere with digestion or absorption, and does not cause gastrointestinal irritation. It appears to be effective in the treatment of both constipation and diarrhea due to functional or organic causes. Several days of continuous use are necessary before effectiveness becomes apparent. Clinical studies, of which there are relatively few, range from uncontrolled, unblinded evaluations of an almost anecdotal nature to well controlled, double-blind, crossover studies. Additional carefully controlled studies on dietary influences, exercise, and patient compliance would be helpful. Adverse effects, which are minimal, include epigastric fullness or heaviness, abdominal distention and bloating, and flatulence. As with all bulk-forming agents, calcium polycarbophil should not be used by persons who have stenotic lesions of the gastrointestinal tract.
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PMID:Pharmacology, toxicology, clinical efficacy, and adverse effects of calcium polycarbophil, an enteral hydrosorptive agent. 676 89

Cytochemical and autoradiographic studies in Wistar rats [Crl:(WI)BR] show that cisplatin treatment (9 mg/kg) inhibits the release of acetylcholine from the axonal endings of the stomach smooth muscle resulting in bloating of the stomach and ulceration. Cisplatin also induces corticosteroid release from the adrenal gland stimulating peptic ulceration. Vagotomy helps ameliorate the effect but not eliminate it. Calcium supplementation restores normal neuromuscular function to gastric smooth muscle, thereby eliminating the gastro-intestinal toxicity due to cisplatin.
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PMID:Cisplatin-induced peptic ulcers, vagotomy, adrenal and calcium modulation. 804 1

The prevalence of lactose maldigestion is lowest in Scandinavia and Northwest Europe (3-8%) and close to 100% in most of Southeast Asia. In Europe the frequency increases in the southern and eastern directions, reaching 70% in southern Italy and Turkey. There is also a high prevalence of lactose maldigestion in the people of Africa with the exception of cattle-raising nomads. Lactose maldigestion causes uncharacteristic abdominal symptoms such as bloating, borborygmus, colic, flatulence, and diarrhea. The degree of discomfort depends on the amount of lactose consumed, but also on an individual sensitivity to lactose. The symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and lactose maldigestion are similar. Consequently, most investigations indicate an increased frequency of lactose maldigestion in patients suffering from IBS. Recurrent abdominal pain (RAP) in children corresponds to IBS in adults. Lactose maldigestion is a frequent cause of RAP in regions with a high prevalence of lactose maldigestion in early childhood. Diffuse small-intestinal damage in celiac disease or kwashiorkor leads to a proportional decrease of all disaccharidase activities, with the most pronounced being decrease of lactase. The consumption of milk may then cause abdominal discomfort and increased diarrhea. Several investigations have indicated an increased frequency of lactose maldigestion in patients with osteoporosis. A connection between lactose maldigestion and decreased absorption of calcium has not been proven, however. The increased tendency toward osteoporosis is more likely caused by a lower calcium intake because of milk intolerance. Milk and dairy products with reduced lactose content are better tolerated by patients with lactose maldigestion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:The clinical significance of disaccharide maldigestion. 811 58

Platelets were incubated in the presence of calpeptin to inhibit calpain-mediated cytoskeleton proteolysis during further activation by Ca2+ ionophore A23187. The appearance of filamin and myosin subfragments (93 kDa and 135 kDa, respectively) was inhibited by low calpeptin doses (1 microgram/ml). Higher doses (10-20 micrograms/ml) were required to completely inhibit talin and filamin degradation. Vesiculation strongly depended on cytoskeleton proteolysis and was reduced by 60% when platelets were preincubated with 10 micrograms/ml calpeptin. Activated platelets bore longer and more filopods when pretreated with calpeptin. Filopods were straight and regular when high calpeptin doses were used, whereas they were shorter and broader with bloated surfaces when calpeptin was omitted. Some bloated areas were also found in straight filopods. These results suggest that the cytoskeleton proteolysis, and more specifically filamin proteolysis, induced bloating of filopod surfaces, thus facilitating fragmentation of filopod into vesicles.
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PMID:Correlation between inhibition of cytoskeleton proteolysis and anti-vesiculation effect of calpeptin during A23187-induced activation of human platelets: are vesicles shed by filopod fragmentation? 814 19

Calcium polycarbophil was compared with placebo in 23 patients with irritable bowel syndrome in a six-month, randomized double-blind crossover study. Patients received polycarbophil tablets at a dosage of 6 g/day (twelve 0.5-g tablets) or matching placebo tablets. At study end, among patients expressing a preference, 15 of 21 (71%) chose polycarbophil over placebo for relief of the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome. Statistically significant differences favouring polycarbophil were found among the following patient subgroups: 15 (79%) of 19 with constipation: all six with alternating diarrhoea and constipation; 13 (87%) of 15 with bloating: and 11 (92%) of 12 with two or more symptoms. Polycarbophil was rated better than placebo in monthly global responses to therapy. Patient diary entries showed statistically significant improvement for ease of passage with polycarbophil. Polycarbophil was rated better than placebo for relief of nausea, pain, and bloating. The data suggest that calcium polycarbophil can benefit irritable bowel syndrome patients with constipation or alternating diarrhoea and constipation and may be particularly useful in patients with bloating as a major complaint.
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PMID:Calcium polycarbophil compared with placebo in irritable bowel syndrome. 843 42

Our objective was to monitor serum and urine biochemical changes after oral sodium phosphate cleansing in a prospectively designed study. The study subjects were seven healthy, asymptomatic adults. Sodium phosphate 45 ml diluted in 45 ml water was given orally at baseline and 12 hr later. Calcium, ionized calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, creatinine, and PTH were analyzed at 2, 4, 6, 9, 12, 14, 16, 18, 21 and 24 hr after the first challenge. Urinary calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, and cyclic AMP were analyzed at baseline and every 2 hr after oral sodium phosphate. Blood pressure, pulse, and respiratory rate were recorded every 2 hr and symptom questionnaires using visual analog scales were completed. A marked rise in phosphorus (peak range 3.6-12.4 mg/dl, P < 0.001) and falls in calcium (P < 0.001) and ionized calcium (P < 0.001) were seen. Rises seen in PTH and urinary cAMP confirmed the physiologic significance of the biochemical effect. There were no significant changes in other serum and urine laboratory or clinical assessments. Reported significant symptoms included bloating, cramps, abdominal pain, and nausea. Significant hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia after oral sodium phosphate raises concern about its use in normal individuals. Oral sodium phosphate should not be administered in patients with cardiopulmonary, renal, or hepatic disease.
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PMID:Biochemical effects of oral sodium phosphate. 867 96

The disaccharide lactose is present as a natural component of foods only in milk and dairy products. In the gastrointestinal tract, lactose is hydrolysed by the enzyme beta-galactosidase (lactase) into glucose and galactose. These components are absorbed. With the exception of the caucasian race, the lactase activity decreases in most people at an age of 4 to 6 years. Lactose intake can cause symptoms of bloating, flatulence, abdominal pain, and diarrhea due to the lactose reaching the large intestine. This phenomenon is called lactose intolerance. It is generally recommended to those persons that they refrain from the consumption of milk and dairy products. However, most lactose intolerant people are able to digest small amounts of milk. They can also consume cheese that contains no (hard and semi-hard) or only small amounts of lactose (present in only 10% of soft cheeses). These products are very important sources of calcium. Compared to milk, the lactose content of yogurt is usually lower by about one third. Studies during the last 10 years have shown that in spite of its lactose content yogurt is very well tolerated by lactose intolerant persons. This advantage is ascribed to the presence of living lactic acid bacteria in fermented dairy products which survive passage through the stomach and also to the lactase present in these products.
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PMID:[Lactose intolerance and consumption of milk and milk products]. 946 38

The disaccharide lactose is naturally present as a component of foods in milk and dairy products. In the gastrointestinal tract, lactose is hydrolysed by the enzyme beta-galactosidase (lactase) into glucose and galactose. These components are absorbed. In most people lactase activity decreases at the age of approximately 2 years of age. After this lactose intake can cause symptoms of bloating, flatulence, abdominal pain and diarrhoea due to the lactose reaching the large intestine. This phenomenon is called lactose intolerance. It is generally recommended that these people abandon the consumption of milk and dairy products. However, most lactose-intolerant people are able to digest small amounts of milk (approximately 200 ml). They can also consume cheese without (hard and semi-hard cheese) or only low lactose content (only present in 10% of soft cheese). These products are a very important source of calcium.
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PMID:[Lactose in human nutrition]. 978 54

Polydextrose (CAS no. 68424-04-4) is a water-soluble polymer of glucose that provides to foods the bulk and texture of sucrose. There are two main forms of polydextrose, an acidic form (PD-A) and a neutralized potassium salt (PD-N). Polydextrose is resistant to mammalian metabolic and microbial degeneration, rendering it both low in caloric value and non-cariogenic. Little polydextrose is absorbed intact although some is metabolized by caecal/colonic bacteria. At high enough levels of ingestion, this bacterial metabolism results in flatus, bloating, loose stools and ultimately a frank diarrhoea. Microbial metabolism also produces some volatile fatty acids that are absorbed by the animal and have calorigenic value. The species and dose threshold for persistent loose stools/watery diarrhoea determines the degree of electrolyte loss by the animal. In the dog, an obligate carnivore, sodium-sparing activity by the kidney and concomitant and obligatory calcium reuptake result in a well-defined aetiology of hypercalcaemia and subsequent nephrocalcinosis, particularly for PD-N. Of the species tested, the dog was the most sensitive to this carbohydrate with a no-effect level of 2000 mg/kg body weight/day. Omnivores, including the rat, mouse and monkey, have a no-effect level ranging from 2500 to 10,000 mg/kg body weight/day. No toxicity has been demonstrated in man, although the dose for laxation (to be distinguished from diarrhoea) is approximately 90 g/day (v. sorbitol at 70 g/day). Polydextrose did not show any reproductive toxicity, teratology, carcinogenesis, mutagenicity or genotoxicity. Polydextrose has been approved for food additive use (21 CFR 172.841) in the US, and an "ADI not specified" by the Joint WHO/FAO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA, 1987). It has been approved in over 50 countries around the world and has been used extensively in the diet for over15 years. Specification monographs are published in the Food Chemicals Codex (FCC) (NAS, 1996) and the FAO Compendium (JECFA, 1995). This review provides an overview of the studies and salient data, not previously reported in the scientific literature, which had been submitted to regulatory agencies in support of these approvals.
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PMID:A review of the studies of the safety of polydextrose in food. 1022 45


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