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The menstrual history of 162 cases of female lung adenocarcinoma and 19 cases of squamous cell carcinoma was compared with 187 age-matched female controls, and analyzed for statistical significant differences that may exist between the two groups using the Epi-infor program, the Chi-square test, and the Bartlett test for homogeneity of variance. Parameters related to menstrual history included: age of menarche, menstrual cycle, number of days of menstrual period, amount of menstrual flow, menstrual pain, breast bloating/tenderness, and total number of menstrual cycles prior to menopause or diagnosis of lung cancer. The results show that cases of squamous cell carcinoma have a higher total number of menstrual cycles than controls, raising the possibility that estrogen may play a role in the induction of squamous cell carcinoma. Cases with adenocarcinoma were found to have shorter menstrual periods than controls, suggesting that activity of the corpus luteum may be related to the occurrence of adenocarcinoma. Progesterone (PR) and estrogen (ER) receptor levels were also measured in 21 adenocarcinoma surgical specimens. A positive ER and PR receptor expression was correlated with later menarche and earlier menopause.
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PMID:A study of the association between squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma in the lung, and history of menstruation in Shanghai women, China. 878 64

Clinically, it is known that: (1) magnesium (Mg) supplementation relieves premenstrual problems (e.g., migraine, bloating and edema) occurring in the late luteal phase of the menstrual cycle; and (2) migraine syndromes, particularly in women, are associated with deficits in brain and serum ionized Mg levels. We investigated whether concentrations of sex steroid hormones, found in the serum during the menstrual cycle of women, are associated with changes in the levels of cytosolic free magnesium ions ([Mg2+]i in single cultured canine cerebral vascular smooth muscle cells. The resting level of [Mg2+]i in these cells was 645 +/- 89 microM before exposure to sex steroid hormones. Exposure of these vascular cells to a low concentration of estrogen (10 pg/ml) failed to interfere with the levels of [Mg2+]i. However, exposure to estrogen, at concentrations ranging from 40 to 200 pg/ml, induced significant loss of [Mg2+]i in a concentration-dependent manner. At a concentration of 200 pg/ml estrogen, the level of [Mg2+]i decreased approximately 30% in comparison with controls. Progesterone produced biphasic effects on the levels of [Mg2+]i, depending on its concentration. Exposure of the cultured cells to a low concentration of progesterone (0.5 ng/ml) resulted in an increased level of [Mg2+]i (from 690 +/- 50 microM to 753 +/- 56 microM, p < 0.05). However, when these cells were exposed to higher concentrations of progesterone (i.e., from 5.0 to 20 ng/ml), the cellular levels of [Mg2+]i were decreased significantly. The higher the estrogen or progesterone concentration, the lower the levels of [Mg2+]i. In contrast, testosterone, a male hormone, didn't produce any significant alteration in [Mg2+]i levels in these cerebral vascular smooth muscle cells. These data indicate that low, physiological concentrations of female sex hormones, estrogen and progesterone, help cerebral vascular smooth cells sustain normal concentrations of [Mg2+]i, which are beneficial to vascular function, whereas high levels of estrogen and progesterone deplete, significantly, [Mg2+]i in cerebral vascular smooth muscle cells, possibly resulting in cerebrovasospasms and reduced cerebral blood flows related to premenstrual syndromes, migraine and stroke risk. Our findings could provide new insight into the mechanism whereby migraine occurs frequently in the late luteal phase in the premenstrual syndrome. In addition, our results demonstrate that female sex steroids but not testosterone (in physiologic concentrations) can exert direct effects on [Mg2+]i in cerebral vascular cells.
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PMID:Sex steroid hormones exert biphasic effects on cytosolic magnesium ions in cerebral vascular smooth muscle cells: possible relationships to migraine frequency in premenstrual syndromes and stroke incidence. 1122 17

Psychosomatics as a medical perspective and discipline focuses on the interaction of physical and mental health in the specific life situation of a patient, taking into account the physical and emotional well-being, role functioning, satisfaction with the partner and family relationship, as well as sexual function and satisfaction. There are two important effects of progesterone on the combined physical, mental and sexual well-being of the climacteric patient. The first is the antiestrogenic effect of progesterone on the peripheral physical level which not only protects the endometrium against overstimulation but also reduces individual suffering from heavy bleeding, breast tension, bloating and general discomfort. The second effect is due to the complex action of progesterone in the brain. Studies using different progestins in different dosages and in different regimens show contradictory results. Some studies demonstrate an increase in depressed mood and reduced well-being while using synthetic progestins. Other studies, however, indicate an anxiolytic and sometimes antidepressant effect of progesterone and progesterone-like progestins with an improvement of emotional well-being and quality of life. In the individual patient, the positive or negative emotional and mental state can be conditioned by various pathways of progesterone and progestins. The antiestrogenic effect can attenuate the psychotropic effect of estradiol (E2) on the brain, thus reducing emotional well-being. Progesterone interacting with many brain areas can have a mood stabilizing and anxiolytic effect through the action on the GABA receptor. This effect seems to be strongest when using natural progesterone and the effect varies considerably among different progestins and different dosages due to metabolic pathways involving the production of allopregnanolone or other metabolites. In conclusion, the positive anxiolytic and sedative effects of progesterone on the central nervous system depend on the type of progestogen, the dosage, the timing of application, the combination with estrogen, etc. Progesterone and progestins have important potential to maintain or improve the psychosomatic health of women. Their use must, however, be tailored to specific symptom clusters and to the individual's pre-existing psychosomatic health status.
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PMID:Progesterone, progestins and psychosomatic health of women. 2596 Dec 23