Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C1291077 (bloating)
 1,674 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

PMS is probably a group of entities which include various symptoms that occur during the 7 to 10 days before menstruation and disappear a few hours after the onset of menstruation. The definition of PMS lacks objective criteria. The most common symptoms are irritability, bloating, aggressiveness, mastodynia, and headaches. The prevalence of PMS is estimated at 30 to 40 per cent. PMS is more prevalent among women working outside the home, alcoholics, women of high parity, and women with toxemic tendency; it probably runs in families. The etiology of PMS is no less obscure to us than when it was first described by Frank in 1931. No single theory has been established to explain the entire diversity of PMS symptomatology. The multitude of possible etiologic factors includes psychosocial bases, progesterone deficiency, prolactin excess, thyroid hypofunction, renin angiotensin alternations, antidiuretic hormone excess, decreased colloidosmotic pressure, endorphin activity alternations, serotonin metabolism alternations, prostaglandin action, vitamin deficiency, and such unconventional theories as the ovarian infection or the "yeast overgrowth" theory. A partial resolution of this divergence of hypotheses comes from the biopsychosocial model developed by Keye and Trunnel. According to this model, a biologic, perhaps genetically determined, predisposition to PMS is realized when past and present life experiences, attitudes, beliefs, coping styles, and social forces interact to stress a woman. The diagnosis of PMS is based on establishing a relationship between the luteal phase of the cycle and the symptoms. The evaluation of PMS patients includes the use of a monthly diary to scale the symptoms, a physical examination, and biochemical studies to rule out other disorders. Management includes education, reassurance, and drug therapy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:The premenstrual syndrome. 218 58

147 Mexican women, of low socioeconomic level, who had aborted spontaneously and desired pregnancy, were subjected to trial of placebo oral contraceptive. In 424 months there were 72 pregnancies, a Pearl index of 203.8 pregnancies per 100 couple-years. Menstrual cycles lasted 21-24 days in 30 women (9.8%), 25-35 days in 235 (76.8%), and 36-59 days in 38 (12.4%). 18 cycles (5.8%) were marked by intermenstrual bleeding. Incidence of 31 side effects is listed. Most common were: decreased libido 125 months (29.5%), headache 66 (15.6%), lower abdominal pain and bloating 58 (13.7%), dizziness 47 (11.1%). Common complaints were nervousness, increased libido, dysmenorrhea, nausea, epigastric pain, leg pain, leukorrhea, somnolence. Oral contraceptive-like side effects reported in fewer than 1% of months included acne, mastalgia, increased appetite, weight gain, painful varicose veins. Nausea (here 4.2% of months) was the only side effect with markedly different incidence from other studies with active oral contraceptives.
 ...
PMID:Incidence of side effects with contraceptive placebo. 535 96

The premenstrual symptom complex many women experience in a moderate to severe form can be divided into four subgroups. Because there is more than one syndrome and nervous tension is one of the most common symptoms, the term premenstrual tension syndromes (PMTS) is used. The most common subgroup, PMT-A, consists of premenstrual anxiety, irritability and nervous tension, sometimes expressed in behavior patterns detrimental to self, family and society. Elevated blood estrogen and low progesterone have been observed in this subgroup. Administration of vitamin B6 at doses of 200-800 mg/day reduces blood estrogen, increases progesterone and results in improved symptoms under double-blind conditions. Women in this subgroup consume an excessive amount of dairy products and refined sugar, and progesterone may be of value in them. The second-most-common subgroup, PMT-H, is associated with symptoms of water and salt retention, abdominal bloating, mastalgia and weight gain. The severe form of PMT-H is associated with elevated serum aldosterone. Vitamin B6 at high dosage suppresses aldosterone and results in diuresis and clinical improvement. Vitamin E helps the breast symptoms. Methylxanthines and nicotine should be curtailed and sodium limited to 3 gm/day. PMT-C is characterized by premenstrual craving for sweets, increased appetite and indulgence in eating refined sugar followed by palpitation, fatigue, fainting spells, headache and sometimes the shakes. PMT-C patients have increased carbohydrate tolerance and low red-cell magnesium. Adequate magnesium replacement results in improved glucose tolerance tests and decreased PMT-C symptoms. Deficiency of the prostaglandin PGE1 may also be involved in PMT-C. PMT-D is the least common but most dangerous because suicide is most frequent in this subgroup. The symptoms are depression, withdrawal, insomnia, forgetfulness and confusion. In ten PMT-D patients the mean blood estrogen was lower and the mean blood progesterone higher than normal during the midluteal phase. Elevated adrenal androgens are observed in some hirsute PMT-D patients. Two PMT-D patients with normal blood progesterone and estrogens had high lead levels in hair tissue and chronic lead intoxication. This subgroups needs careful medical attention when the symptoms are severe. Therapy should be individualized according to the results of the evaluation.
 ...
PMID:Nutritional factors in the etiology of the premenstrual tension syndromes. 668 67

A sample of 400 nurses at the Kenyatta National Hospital in Nairobi were interviewed by means of investigator-administered questionnaire to determine the prevalence and some other aspects of premenstrual tension (PMT) amongst them. Premenstrual tension (PMT) syndrome was found in 95.5% of the study group, with mastalgia being the commonest symptom (79.0%) followed by abdominal bloating (75.0%). Some features such as suicidal tendencies, inability to cope, insomnia were found to be rare among them. There was no correlation between age, marital status, parity, or dysmenorrhoea and premenstrual tension. Almost all the nurses with PMT, did not consider it an illness, rather as normal part of their femininity. As a result only 6.5% of them had changed their activities during this period, and only 3.1% had used medication for it. It is concluded that premenstrual tension is prevalent among women in Kenya, and that because of their attitude towards it, the condition does not appear to be associated with any serious morbidity.
 ...
PMID:Premenstrual tension among nurses in Nairobi, Kenya. 830 11

The etiology of PMS has not yet been defined, although there are several theories among which it is reported that there is an increase in prolactine levels involved in it. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a dopamine receptor agonist (lisuride maleate), in the treatment of PMS. 35 patients between 19 and 35 years old were recruited in a prospective study design, with diagnosis of PMS and no other gynecological disorder ruled out clinical and ultrasonographic examination, women with no previous treatment and with no use of hormonal agents, these patients were treated for three months with lisuride maleate, 0.3 mg-day in a three dosage scheme per day, the following symptoms were evaluated: headaches, mastalgia, bloating, edema of lower extremities and myalgia in legs, as well as hormonal parameters before and after treatment with estrogens, progesterone, prolactine, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and testosterone, which were prescribed in the luteal phase (day 21). Results obtained were: reduction of all symptoms scores versus pretreatment: Headache from 85.7 to 20%, mastalgia from 91.4 to 25%, bloating from 74.2 to 40%, edema in lower extremities from 85.7 to 30%, myalgia in legs, from 61 to 34%. The hormonal profile only showed changes in FSH, since the basal pretreatment level was found in 18.6 and the post-treatment value was 13.86, progesterone from 2.7 to 4.6 and prolactine from 7.74 to 6.82. We conclude the lisuride maleate is a good option to the PMS treatment, since a significative reduction of symptoms are induced and it is well tolerated.
 ...
PMID:[Treatment of premenstrual tension syndrome (PMS) with lisuride maleate]. 901 40

Bipolar disorder and severe premenstrual syndrome (PMS) have many symptoms in common, but it is important to establish the correct diagnosis between a severe psychiatric disorder and an endocrine disorder appropriately treatable with hormones. The measurement of hormone levels is not helpful in making this distinction, as they are all premenopausal women with normal follicle-stimulating hormone and estradiol levels. The diagnosis of PMS should come from the history relating the occurrence of cyclical mood and behaviour changes with menstruation, the improvement during pregnancy, postnatal depression and the presence of runs of many good days a month and the somatic symptoms of mastalgia, bloating and headaches. Young women with severe PMS do not respond to the antidepressants and mood-stabilizing drugs typically used for bipolar disorder.
 ...
PMID:Severe premenstrual syndrome and bipolar disorder: a tragic confusion. 2261 Dec 28

Introduction: Medical undergraduates are heavily burdened by their curriculum. The females, in addition, suffer from vivid affective or somatic premenstrual syndrome (PMS) symptoms such as bloating, mastalgia, insomnia, fatigue, mood swings, irritability, and depression. The present study was proposed to attenuate the symptoms of PMS by simple lifestyle measures like yoga and/or oral calcium. Methods: 65 medical female students (18-22 years) with a regular menstrual cycle were asked to self-rate their symptoms, along with their severity, in a validated questionnaire for two consecutive menstrual cycles. Fifty-eight students were found to have PMS. Twenty girls were given yoga training (45 minutes daily, five days a week, for three months). Another group of 20 was given oral tablets of calcium carbonate daily (500 mg, for three months) and rest 18 girl served as control group. Data were analyzed by SPSS ver.13 software. Results: The yoga and calcium groups showed a significant decrease in number and severity of premenstrual symptoms whereas in the control group there was not the significant difference. Conclusion: Encouraging a regular practice of yoga or taking a tablet of calcium daily in the medical schools can decrease the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome.
 ...
PMID:Comparing the Effects of Yoga & Oral Calcium Administration in Alleviating Symptoms of Premenstrual Syndrome in Medical Undergraduates. 2775 83