Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C1291077 (bloating)
 1,674 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Calcium polycarbophil is the calcium salt of polyacrylic acid crosslinked with divinyl glycol. It is chemically and physiologically inert. In dilute alkali it possesses marked hydrophilic capacity (60 to 100 times its weight), which is the basis for its therapeutic use. In daily dosages of 4 to 5 g in adults, it appears to be quite safe, is non-toxic, does not interfere with digestion or absorption, and does not cause gastrointestinal irritation. It appears to be effective in the treatment of both constipation and diarrhea due to functional or organic causes. Several days of continuous use are necessary before effectiveness becomes apparent. Clinical studies, of which there are relatively few, range from uncontrolled, unblinded evaluations of an almost anecdotal nature to well controlled, double-blind, crossover studies. Additional carefully controlled studies on dietary influences, exercise, and patient compliance would be helpful. Adverse effects, which are minimal, include epigastric fullness or heaviness, abdominal distention and bloating, and flatulence. As with all bulk-forming agents, calcium polycarbophil should not be used by persons who have stenotic lesions of the gastrointestinal tract.
 ...
PMID:Pharmacology, toxicology, clinical efficacy, and adverse effects of calcium polycarbophil, an enteral hydrosorptive agent. 676 89

The benefits, equipment used, commercially available sources, and the indications and techniques for administration of enteral nutrients are reviewed. In many malabsorption states, enteral feeding is preferable and parenteral nutrients are seldom indicated. Transitional enteral nutrient support usually is indicated after parenteral nutrient therapy. Enteral tube-feeding formulas should be matched to the patient's needs; formulas using blenderized natural foods or intact isolated nutrients are appropriate for patients with intact gastrointestinal tracts. Patients should be monitored for glucosuria and hyperglycemia, bloating, nausea, dehydration, and renal, hepatic and hematologic status. Formula dilution, and a reduced flow rate or use of continuous-drip feeding, will reduce the incidence of osmotic diarrhea. The effectiveness, low cost and low potential for serious complications make enteral feeding preferable to parenteral nutrient therapy for many patients.
 ...
PMID:Enteral feedings. 676 98

Sorbitol, a polyalcohol sugar, is the sweetener in most "sugar-free" products and may produce an osmotic diarrhea if ingested in large amounts (20-50 g). Whether or not smaller amounts of ingested sorbitol may be associated with other symptoms characteristic of carbohydrate malabsorption has not been determined. Using breath hydrogen analysis, the absorption of 5, 10, and 20 g of sorbitol was studied in 7 healthy volunteers. In a majority of subjects, ingestion of as little as 5 g sorbitol was associated with a significant increase in breath hydrogen concentration. Most subjects experienced mild gastrointestinal distress (gas, bloating) after 10 g and severe symptoms (cramps, diarrhea) after 20 g. These data suggest that the evaluation of patients with "functional" gastrointestinal complaints should include careful inquiry into the use of products containing sorbitol.
 ...
PMID:Sorbitol intolerance: an unappreciated cause of functional gastrointestinal complaints. 684 53

Crohn's disease of the stomach and duodenum is uncommon and difficult to diagnose. This study reviews 23 patients with this condition seen at the Toronto General Hospital between 1970 and 1981. In 12 patients the major symptoms were due to coexisting lower intestinal Crohn's disease (primarily distal disease). Diarrhea and crampy abdominal pain were the primary presenting complaints. None had obstructive symptoms. Nine of the 12 were treated medically, 7 with success; 1 required surgical intervention and 1 continued to have pain but no evidence of ulceration. In the remaining 11 patients, the major symptoms were due to their gastroduodenal Crohn's disease (primarily proximal disease) even though 10 had coexisting disease of the intestine. Their symptoms included postprandial vomiting, upper intestinal bloating, hematemesis and epigastric pain. Only one patient was successfully treated medically; the others required surgical intervention. At the time of writing, 9 of the 11 patients had no symptoms. The authors conclude that response to medical therapy occurs only in patients whose gastroduodenal disease is relatively mild and whose symptoms come from distal intestinal disease. In contrast, patients whose main symptoms are from gastroduodenal involvement usually require surgical treatment. Vagotomy with gastroenterostomy is the procedure of choice.
 ...
PMID:Gastroduodenal Crohn's disease: diagnosis and selection of treatment. 686 Oct 31

A controlled cross-over clinical comparison of lactose (50 g twice a day) versus neomycin (3 g/day) plus milk of magnesia, was carried out in ten cirrhotic patients with chronic portal-systemic encephalopathy and documented lactase deficiency. Serial semiquantitative assessments were done including: mental state, asterixis, number connection test, electroencephalogram, and blood ammonia levels. No patient developed deep coma while ingesting either lactose or neomycin plus milk of magnesia. However, a significant improvement of mental state, asterixis, number connection tests, and electroencephalograms was evident during lactose therapy. apart from mild diarrhea and bloating, no severe side effects were noticeable during lactose treatment. Based on these results, we propose lactose as a valuable alternate treatment of portal-systemic encephalopathy in lactase-deficient populations.
 ...
PMID:Treatment of chronic portal-systemic encephalopathy with lactose in lactase-deficient patients. 700 8

Advances made in the medical treatment of duodenal ulcer disease have lead to a sharp decrease in the number of patients who are referred for operative therapy. Today surgery may be indicated in patients with chronic and recurrent ulceration following failure of H. pylori eradication regimens and in patients with no or reduced compliance. Laparoscopic vagotomy procedures may offer this select group of patients an additional benefit and comfort, if their short-term and long-term results are comparable to those achieved following conventional open vagotomy. This is a prospective study on patients who underwent laparoscopic vagotomy using two different adapted methods evaluating short-term clinical and functional results. From October 1991 through April 1994 8 patients were studied. 3 patients received an anterior seromyotomy with posterior truncal vagotomy (according to Taylor) and 5 patients underwent anterior linear strip gastrectomy with posterior truncal vagotomy (according to Gomez-Ferrer and Morris). All patients had gastroduodenoscopy, secretory analysis of basal acid output (BAO) and maximal acid output (MAO) and evaluation of their H. pylori status performed pre- and postoperatively. Median follow-up was 15 months. 5 patients were completely asymptomatic, 2 patients complained of mild bloating or reflux and 1 patient had mild diarrhea up to 6 months postoperatively. None suffered an ulcer recurrency. All remained H. pylori positive following surgery. Secretory analysis of acid production showed a 50-70% drop in BAO and MAO after vagotomy. Both vagotomy procedures described have been specifically adapted and are well suited for a laparoscopic approach. They are expedient and easy to employ. As clinical and functional data demonstrate they achieve short-term results comparable to those seen after conventional surgery.
 ...
PMID:[Technique and results of laparoscopic vagotomy in chronic duodenal ulcer]. 761 Jul 23

Our objectives were to evaluate children with recurrent abdominal pain for lactose maldigestion and to assess factors which might predict lactose absorption status. One hundred thirty-seven children were referred for specialty evaluation of recurrent abdominal pain of at least three months' duration. Study subjects were evaluated by history and physical examination, dietary interviews, hematologic and biochemical laboratory testing, stool parasite examination, and radiologic or endoscopic structural examinations, as indicated. Lactose hydrogen breath testing was performed after challenge with 1 g/kg lactose 10% aqueous solution). There were 53 males and 84 females, whose ages ranged from 6 to 18 years (9.64 +/- 2.9; mean +/- SD) Lactose maldigestion was detected in 33/137 patients (24%). The prevalence of abdominal pain, bloating, gas, flatulence, diarrhea, and constipation was similar in children with or without lactose maldigestion. The perception of symptoms related to the ingestion of dairy products was similar in both groups. No other clinical parameter predicted lactose maldigestion. However, children with lactose maldigestion had overall clinical improvement with a lactose-restricted diet. Clinical evaluation alone cannot adequately predict the presence of lactose maldigestion in children. Formal evaluation for lactose maldigestion using breath hydrogen testing methods should be considered in children with recurrent abdominal pain.
 ...
PMID:Lactose maldigestion and recurrent abdominal pain in children. 762 74

This study compared daily gastrointestinal symptoms and stool characteristics across two menstrual cycles, and recalled bowel symptoms and psychological distress in women with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS, N = 22), IBS nonpatients (IBS-NP, N = 22), and controls (N = 25). Daily reports of abdominal pain, bloating, intestinal gas, constipation, and diarrhea did not differ significantly between the IBS and IBS-NP groups but both groups reported significantly higher symptoms than the control group. Stool consistencies was significantly looser in the IBS group relative to the control group. Menstrual cycle effects on symptoms were noted in all the groups. There were no significant differences in psychological distress between women with IBS and IBS-NP, but both groups reported significantly higher global distress than the control group. The lack of difference between the IBS and IBS-NP groups in contrast to the results of others, can be understood in terms of differences in recruitment strategies.
 ...
PMID:Daily gastrointestinal symptoms in women with and without a diagnosis of IBS. 762 75

Acarbose is an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor proposed for the treatment of diabetic patients. It acts by competitively inhibiting the alpha-glucosidases in the intestinal brush border. The principal action of these enzymes is to convert nonabsorbable dietary starch and sucrose into absorbable monosaccharides (e.g. glucose). Enzyme inhibitors delay this conversion, slowing the formation and consequently the absorption of monosaccharides, and thus reducing the concentration of postprandial blood glucose. Both starch and sucrose are influenced, whereas lactose and glucose are not. Many studies in experimental animals, healthy volunteers and patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) have shown that acarbose decreases postprandial blood glucose, with a lesser reduction of fasting blood glucose, plasma triglycerides and postprandial insulin levels. In long term studies in NIDDM patients, acarbose significantly reduced glycosylated haemoglobin levels. Acarbose is only minimally absorbed from the gut and no systemic adverse effects have been demonstrated after long term administration. The drug allows undigested carbohydrates to pass into the large bowel where they are fermented causing flatulence, bloating and diarrhoea. These symptoms, which occur in approximately 30 to 60% of patients, tend to decrease with time and seem to be dose-dependent. They are minimised by starting therapy with low doses (such as 50mg 3 times daily) which may be effective in many patients. An increase in serum hepatic transaminases observed in earlier studies in the US, where doses of acarbose up to 900mg daily were used, has been not reported with the lower doses of the drug actually recommended [150 to 300mg (up to 600mg) daily]. In conclusion, acarbose may be useful in patients with NIDDM when diet alone is no longer able to maintain satisfactory blood glucose control. Furthermore, it may be a valid alternative to sulphonylurea or biguanide therapy when these drugs are contraindicated and insulin administration may be delayed. Acarbose seems also to be a useful adjunct to hypoglycaemic oral agents but its precise role in this field has not been fully clarified.
 ...
PMID:A risk-benefit appraisal of acarbose in the management of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. 772 53

This study investigated the hypothesis that some features of functional gastrointestinal disorders may be associated with abnormalities of ileocaecal transit by measuring ileocaecal transit using a scintigraphic technique in 43 patients with chronic constipation, 20 patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and 18 control subjects. Subjects ingested enteric coated capsules, which delivered 111-indium radionuclide to the distal ileum. Gammacamera images were acquired at hourly intervals until caecal filling was complete. Ileocaecal transit was defined as the time between peak scintigraphic activity in the terminal ileum and peak activity in the caecum. The mean (SD) ileocaecal transit of 103 (50) minutes in patients with IBS was significantly faster than that in control subjects (mean (SD) ileocaecal transit 174 (78) minutes, p < 0.002). There were no significant differences in ileocaecal transit between patients with chronic idiopathic constipation and the control subjects, or between patients with constipation predominant and diarrhoea predominant IBS. This study developed a practical scintigraphic method of measuring ileocaecal transit. The rapid ileocaecal transit in both the constipation and diarrhoea predominant forms of IBS suggests that bloating may not after all result from delayed ileal emptying.
 ...
PMID:Scintigraphic measurement of ileocaecal transit in irritable bowel syndrome and chronic idiopathic constipation. 773 69


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>