Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C1291077 (bloating)
 1,674 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Beside well-established clinical benefits, the current doses of oestrogens may induce clinical side-effects leading to non-compliance and loss of efficacy. During a normal menstrual cycle the incidence of any cyclic discomfort is consistently reported to be lowest during the mild-follicular phase when plasma E2 remains between 60 and 150 pg/ml. The incidence of pregnancy-like symptoms such as bloating, breast tenderness and mood swings tends to increase in mid-luteal phase when E2 increases upto 150 pg/ml. On the other hand incidence of asthenia, sleep disturbances, depressive mood, headaches and migraines increase during perimenstrual days when E2 drops to 40 pg/ml or below. Accordingly experimental and human studies in castrated animals and postmenopausal women suggest that plasma E2 around 100 pg/ml is optimal for treatment of hot flushes, prevention of bone loss and cardiovascular protection. Due to large interindividual variation in estrogen clearance rate, it is unlikely that any standardized unique dose of oral or non-oral formulations will reproduce the optimal levels in all postmenopausal users. Efforts for individual titration are mandatory to improve compliance and actual efficacy on a long term. Because older postmenopausal women tend to have a better clinical tolerance to low E2 levels, objective markers of efficacy should also be identified when the aim of HRT is the prevention of osteoporosis or vascular diseases. In addition clinical and metabolic side-effects related to added progestins can be substantially reduced by the use of lower dose inducing amenorrhea and by progesterone instead of synthetic steroids.
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PMID:Hormone replacement therapy: clinical benefits and side-effects. 886 37

Intestinal parasites are an important cause of morbidity and mortality. Immunocompromised individuals may develop more severe forms of these infections. Taking into account the immunity impairment in patients suffering from chronic renal failure (CRF), we will determine the prevalence and associated symptoms of intestinal parasites in these patients. Controls without CRF were used for comparison. Stool samples were collected and processed for microscopic identification of parasites using the Formalin-ether concentration method. For Cryptosporidium diagnosis, the ELISA technique was used. One hundred and ten fecal samples from hemodialysis patients were analyzed, as well as 86 from a community group used as control group. A result of 51.6% of intestinal parasites was observed in hemodialysis patients and 61.6% in the control group. Cryptosporidium and Blastocystis were the most common infections in patients with CRF (26.4% and 24.5%, respectively). Blastocystis was the most common infection in the control group (41.9%), however no individual was found positive for Cryptosporidium. Among the CRF patients, 73.6% were symptomatic, 54.3% of these tested positive for at least one parasite, in contrast to 44.8% in asymptomatic patients (p = 0.38). The most common symptoms in this group were flatulence (36.4%), asthenia (30.0%) and weight loss (30.0%). In the control group, 91.9% were symptomatic, 60.8% of these tested positive for at least one parasite, in contrast to 71.4% in asymptomatic patients (p = 0.703). A significant difference between the two groups was observed with regard to symptoms, with bloating, postprandial fullness, and abdominal pain being more frequent in the control group than in the hemodialysis group (all p < 0.05). Comparing symptomatic with asymptomatic, there was no association in either group between symptoms or the prevalence of parasitic infection, nor with the type of parasite or with multiple parasitic infections. Patients with chronic renal failure are frequent targets for renal transplantation, which as well as the inherent immunological impairment of the disease itself, results in immunosuppression by medication. For this reason, carriers of intestinal parasites with pathogenic potential can develop serious clinical complications influencing the success of transplantation. This fact, coupled with the high prevalence of intestinal parasites and the dissociation between symptoms and infection in CRF patients, suggests that the stool test should be incorporated in routine propedeutics. Furthermore, preventive measures for the acquisition of parasites through the fecal-oral contamination route should be introduced.
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PMID:Prevalence of intestinal parasitism and associated symptomatology among hemodialysis patients. 2403 95