Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C1291077 (bloating)
 1,674 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

147 Mexican women, of low socioeconomic level, who had aborted spontaneously and desired pregnancy, were subjected to trial of placebo oral contraceptive. In 424 months there were 72 pregnancies, a Pearl index of 203.8 pregnancies per 100 couple-years. Menstrual cycles lasted 21-24 days in 30 women (9.8%), 25-35 days in 235 (76.8%), and 36-59 days in 38 (12.4%). 18 cycles (5.8%) were marked by intermenstrual bleeding. Incidence of 31 side effects is listed. Most common were: decreased libido 125 months (29.5%), headache 66 (15.6%), lower abdominal pain and bloating 58 (13.7%), dizziness 47 (11.1%). Common complaints were nervousness, increased libido, dysmenorrhea, nausea, epigastric pain, leg pain, leukorrhea, somnolence. Oral contraceptive-like side effects reported in fewer than 1% of months included acne, mastalgia, increased appetite, weight gain, painful varicose veins. Nausea (here 4.2% of months) was the only side effect with markedly different incidence from other studies with active oral contraceptives.
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PMID:Incidence of side effects with contraceptive placebo. 535 96

Because no contraceptive agent is perfect, patients must weigh the benefits and risks of the contraceptive method they decide to initiate and continue. Individual decision making and provider-client communication interact in complex ways to determine contraceptive behavior. Use of the contraceptive injectable depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) should be preceded by counseling which individualizes its risks and benefits, answers all questions (asked and unasked), and develops a longterm plan to minimize side effects. Counseling should cover the contraceptive and noncontraceptive benefits of DMPA; specific side effects such as bleeding changes, weight changes, and fertility changes; the mechanisms of action; and ways to avoid acquiring sexually transmitted diseases. When evaluating and managing side effects, a differential diagnosis independent of DMPA must be considered first (especially for postcoital bleeding and headache). A pregnancy test should be offered in the first month of amenorrhea, after which no treatment is necessary. Ovulation resumption after use may be spontaneous or may be induced with menotropin therapy. Spotting and breakthrough bleeding may be handled by counseling or by a short course of high-dosage ibuprofen or of low-dose estrogen supplementation. Counseling may help women manage weight gain through caloric reduction and an increase in exercise. Acne which occurs soon after adoption of the method may be managed pharmacologically. Increased intake of dietary fiber and fluids may ameliorate the symptoms of abdominal bloating, and temporary nausea can be treated with antacids. Recent research has shown that depression does not increase with DMPA use, although the contraceptive is sometimes implicated in mood changes. Breast tenderness decreases with prolonged DMPA usage and can be managed with proper support garments and a reduction in other causative agents such as caffeine. Women who experience an increase in varicose veins should wear support hose and elevate their legs when possible. Women with symptoms of hypoestrogenic side effects should undergo a serum estradiol level test and appropriate replacement therapy. DMPA can be used immediately postpartum even in breast-feeding women. Women with amenorrhea should be tested for pregnancy before initiating DMPA or reinitiating use at an interval longer than 11-13 weeks. No adverse side effects have been found if pregnancy does occur.
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PMID:Counseling issues and management of side effects for women using depot medroxyprogesterone acetate contraception. 872 1

Incidence and severity of both deep vein thrombosis and chronic venous insufficiency are increased with age. Today, however, the significance of these diseases in the elderly patient population are still poorly comprehended. Although most patients have a history of previous treatment, chronic venous insufficiency is usually encountered in the advanced clinical stage. As a result, there is an increase in mobility restrictions, the need for assistance in daily activities and the risk of falls in elderly patients. The quality of life is negatively affected in patients. Age, immobilization and obesity are the main risk factors for the development of chronic venous insufficiency in the elderly. Patients present with complaints such as pain, edema, burning, bloating, weight sensation, restless leg syndrome, night cramps, varicosities, color change and open wound in the legs. In diagnostic procedures, color Doppler ultrasonography examination is used together with patient's staging as well as history and physical examination. Classification of "Clinical-Etiology- Anatomy-Pathology (CEAP)" is used in defining venous insufficiency patients. Among the leading differential diagnoses are congestive heart failure, renal failure, liver dysfunction, antihypertensive, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and some antidiabetic medications and lymphedema and deep vein thrombosis. Patients underwent early diagnosis and long-term regular follow-up after appropriate therapeutic interventions reduce the risk of developing advanced complicated clinical conditions. The main components of treatment include patient education, mobilization, leg elevation, prevention of obesity, use of venous compression stockings, use of venoactive agents, and catheterbased/ surgical interventions. Endovenous radiofrequency or laser ablation techniques and endovenous chemical ablation techniques in superficial venous insufficiency are preferential interventional modalities due to low morbidity risks in older age group of chronic superficial venous insufficiency patients. Foam sclerotherapy for superficial truncal varicosities can also be considered as an alternative for older age groups. In any treatment decision to be taken, the risk-benefit ratio, the patient's clinical status, the available treatment options as well as the patientspecific risks and the patient's expectation and decision should be the main determinant. It is important to remember that what is more important than the age of the patient is the patient's own physical condition and that the quality of life is improved.
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PMID:[Approach to venous diseases in the elderly]. 2897 94