Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C1261473 (sarcoma)
 25,952 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A 57-year-old white man who had abdominal pain and distension, died after a short hospitalization for increasing ascites, anorexia, and deteriorating mental status. At autopsy, the principal gross finding was a dilated, hyperemic, thickened proximal jejunum that by light microscopy consisted of a transmural infiltrate of large mononuclear cells. Intense naphthol AS-D chloroacetate esterase (NASD) positivity was observed within most of the cells, suggesting granulocytic sarcoma. However, bacterial strains and electron-microscopic examination revealed that the massive jejunal infiltrate was composed of macrophages containing numerous phagocytosed bacteria. Although occasional cells had primary and secondary granules characteristic of myeloid precursors present within their cytoplasm, most cells lacked specific granules. Attempts to reproduce this markedly enhanced NASD result experimentally in peritoneal macrophages of mice were unsuccessful. This case shows that intense NASD cytoplasmic staining may occasionally occur macrophages that have phagocytosed large numbers of bacteria.
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PMID:Bacterial infection stimulating granulocytic sarcoma of the small bowel. 694 27

Experimental tumors induce a decline in food intake that may derive from changes in taste or the development of taste aversions. The preferences of tumor-bearing (TB) and non-tumor-bearing (NTB) rats for five chemicals (three palatable and two aversive taste stimuli) were studied in an animal model of experimental cancer employing the methylcholanthrene (MCA) sarcoma. In protocol 1, five groups of Fischer 344 rats were given 23-h, two-bottle preference tests (taste solution vs. water) daily from day 3 after tumor implantation until spontaneous death occurred. Both NTB and TB rats avoided quinine hydrochloride and hydrochloric acid solutions throughout the experiment indicating that tumor growth produced no disruption in the animals' perception of these normally aversive tastes. In both groups, preference for sucrose (88% to 97%) and saccharin (75% to 93%) remained high until days 22 and 17 respectively, but tended to decline with advanced tumor growth. In both cases, a reduction in total calorie intake preceded the changes in sucrose or saccharin preference by several days. With or without a tumor, rats exhibited approximately 50% preference for NaCl at all times. In protocol 2, a four-bottle preference test (sucrose vs. saccharin vs. NaCl vs. water) was administered before tumor implantation and again 3 weeks later when a decline in food intake was evident. Both TB and NTB rats displayed a dominant preference for sucrose over saccharin, NaCl, and water at the pre- and posttests. However, a comparison of the difference scores (pre- minus postimplantation) of NTB and TB rats showed a small but significant suppression of TB animals' preference for sucrose. The altered preferences for sweet but not salt taste stimuli suggest that food-related taste cues may be more susceptible to the development of taste aversions during cancer. However the contribution of taste changes to the anorexia of cancer remains unclear and it is possible that the changes in taste preference may be secondary to the reduction in food intake.
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PMID:Development of altered taste preferences in tumor-bearing rats. 772 41

Anorectic weight-losing Fischer 344 rats bearing a methylcholanthrene-induced sarcoma received intraperitoneal injections of rabbit antiserum raised against murine tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha at 14, 18, and 24 days after tumor induction. Treatment of tumor-bearing rats with TNF antiserum partially reversed the tumor-induced reduction in food intake compared with tumor-bearing rats that received control serum. In the same tumor-bearing animals, treatment with TNF antiserum delayed the onset and significantly reduced the decline in mean 12-h daytime and nighttime intra-abdominal temperatures on days 18-25. However, anti-TNF antibody treatment did not alter the declines in carcass weight or motor activity measured from day of tumor induction until death or reduce the tumor burden at death. We conclude that an endogenous TNF response may be one of the factors involved in the development of cancer anorexia and that this cytokine has temperature-lowering properties.
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PMID:Anti-TNF-alpha antibodies normalized body temperature and enhanced food intake in tumor-bearing rats. 821 55

Cancer cachexia is among the most dramatic situations of depletion in body energy reserves. To ascertain whether the pattern of body composition alteration during tumour development is influenced by aging as in uncomplicated starvation, we compared the difference of body composition between Yoshida sarcoma bearing rats and young (200 g, 7 weeks) and adult (400 g, 13 weeks) control rats. After the same duration of tumour bearing, mass and composition of tumours were similar in adult and young rats, indicating that they are independent of host age. Food intake decreased to a remarkably similar value in both young and adults. Body water content was elevated in hosts of both ages. The relative deficit of body lipid vs controls was similar for both, the absolute lipid deficit being therefore larger in adult than in young tumour-bearing rats (14.3 +/- 4.4 g vs 6.8 +/- 0.9 g; P < 0.01). In contrast, there was a relatively larger deficit of body protein in young rats. Paradoxically, these rats still maintained a positive nitrogen balance whereas this balance was negative in adult tumour-bearing rats. In conclusion, as previously shown in uncomplicated undernutrition, the anorexia induced by Yoshida sarcoma development is still associated with some protein accretion in young rats whereas cachexia develops in adults.
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PMID:Body protein and lipid deficit in tumour-bearing rats in relation to age. 821 4

Temporal patterns of the cachectic effects of tumor growth and their relation to systemic levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and IL-6 (interleukin-6) were examined in a rat model of experimental cancer cachexia employing the methylcholanthrene (MCA) sarcoma. Fischer 344 rats, implanted with biotelemeters for measuring temperature and activity, were implanted subdermally with tumor tissue fragments. Ad libitum-fed and pair-fed controls were sham incised. Bioassays for TNF and IL-6 were performed on serial plasma samples, obtained via jugular vein at 3- to 6-day intervals throughout the experimental period. Tumor growth induced significant anorexia, weight loss, and a decline in motor activity corresponding to an increase in mean plasma IL-6 levels, independent of reduced food intake or weight loss alone as shown in pair-fed controls. A significant lowering of body temperature then developed, followed by a two- to threefold increase in water consumption. The patterns of weight loss and temperature reduction differed in rate and degree from those seen with pair feeding.
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PMID:Experimental cachexia: effects of MCA sarcoma in the Fischer rat. 836 92

Hepatic undifferentiated mesenchymal sarcoma is a rare pediatric malignant neoplasm. We present three children, aged 7, 8, and 12 years, with this tumor. Clinical presentation was abdominal pain, palpable mass, asthenia, anorexia, and weight loss. One had jaundice. All three lesions were detected on ultrasound (US), computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MRI localized the lesions more accurately than the other methods, with good resectability correlation. On MRI, these tumors were markedly hyperintense on long TR/TE spin-echo (SE) and short-time inversion recovery (STIR) sequences. This was due to the cystic areas with myxoid material and necrosis. The internal separations were hypointense on these sequences. On short TR/TE SE sequences the lesions presented a fibrous pseudocapsule (two cases), and internal hyperintense areas representing hemorrhage (two cases). MRI also detected vascular invasion (one case), biliary obstruction (one case), and hilar adenopathies (one case). The combination of hemorrhage (hyperintense on short TR/TE SE) and cystic or myxoid components (markedly hyperintense on long TR/TE SE and STIR sequences) is common in this tumor.
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PMID:Hepatic mesenchymal sarcoma: MRI findings. 843 59

Regional hypothalamic concentrations of neuropeptide Y (NPY) and corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), respectively a stimulant and an inhibitor of feeding behavior, were investigated in hypothalamic nuclei in rats carrying the Yoshida sarcoma. Tumor-bearing rats (n = 10), non-tumor-bearing controls (n = 10), and food-restricted rats (n = 10), which did not carry tumors but were pair-fed to match the reduced food intake of the tumor-bearing group, were studied after 10 days. NPY concentrations in the arcuate nucleus (ARC, the main site of NPY synthesis) were significantly increased above controls (P < 0.01) in both tumor-bearing and food-restricted groups. However, NPY concentrations in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN, an NPY-sensitive site of NPY release) showed opposing changes, with a 25% decrease (P = 0.052) in the tumor-bearing but a 48% increase (P < 0.01) in the food-restricted group. CRF concentrations in both the PVN and the ARC were significantly reduced (P < 0.01) in the food-restricted group, but remained close to control values in the tumor-bearing group (P not significant). Changes in hypothalamic appetite-regulating neuropeptides in cancer anorexia, which may result from the action of cytokines produced by a host defense response or the tumor itself, may account for reduced feeding. Such changes may include impaired activity of NPY or failure of CRF activity to be suppressed after underfeeding and weight loss.
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PMID:Alterations in hypothalamic NPY and CRF in anorexic tumor-bearing rats. 847 42

Two doses of megestrol acetate (MA) have been prospectively compared in a random fashion as treatment for cancer-related anorexia-cachexia syndrome (ACS) in 122 patients with progressive soft tissue sarcoma, colorectal, lung, head and neck and renal cancer resistant to systemic chemotherapy. After 30 days of MA, 55% of patients receiving MA at 160 mg day-1 reported an increase in appetite, 27% of patients no variation and 18% complained of a decrease in appetite. Patients treated with MA at 320 mg day-1 reported an increase in appetite in 68% of cases, a stabilisation in 20% of cases and a decrease in 12%. Although an increase in appetite was more frequently observed in patients receiving MA at 320 mg day-1, however this difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.305). After 30 days of MA, 31% of patients treated with MA at 160 mg day-1 showed an increase in body weight, 25% a stabilisation and 44% a decrease. In the group of patients treated with MA at 320 mg day-1, 45% reported an increase in body weight, 16% no change and 23% weight loss. Although there was a trend favouring the higher dose of MA, overall analysis however failed to detect any statistically significant difference between the two treatment arms (P = 0.242). Twenty-seven patients pretreated with 160 mg day-1 and 23 patients treated with 320 mg day-1 received further therapy with MA at the dose of 320 and 480 mg day-1 respectively. In the group of 22 patients treated with 320 mg day-1 four (18%) reported an increase in body weight, eight (36%) an improvement in appetite, but none had an increase in performance status. Among the 20 evaluable patients treated with 480 mg day-1, two (10%) had an increase in body weight, four (20%) an improvement in appetite, but none reported an increase in performance status. No difference in median survival was detected between the two arms. Toxicity was mild and predictable. In conclusion, the data achieved in the present study confirm the clinical safety and effectiveness of oral MA in the management of ACS in patients with advanced cancer resistant to systemic chemotherapy. Moreover, data concerning the dose escalation of MA dosage in unresponsive patients suggest that a step by step increase in MA dosage could be the best way of administering MA for the management of ACS and that the increase of MA dosage over 480 mg day-1 will probably be useless in the vast majority of cases. Data on body weight suggest that after 2 weeks' therapy MA could be stopped or its dosage tailored to patients' needs since the majority of patients respond after only 15 days of MA.
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PMID:Prospective randomised trial of two dose levels of megestrol acetate in the management of anorexia-cachexia syndrome in patients with metastatic cancer. 866 33

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) induces anorexia via direct action in the brain, and its participation in the pathogenesis of cancer-associated anorexia has been hypothesized. Because the functional ablation of the ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus (VMH), where IL-1 receptors have been detected, reverses cancer-associated anorexia in tumor-bearing (TB) rats, we hypothesize that cancer anorexia involves the direct effect of IL-1 on the VMH. To test this hypothesis, we investigated whether the intra-VMH injection of the IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) improves food intake in anorectic TB rats. Sixteen Fischer rats (approximately 300 g/BW) were injected s.c. with 10(6) trypan-blue viable methylcholanthrene sarcoma cells, and then individually caged. Chow and water were freely available, and food intake was recorded throughout the study. Normal food intake was measured in 8 more rats, injected s.c. with normal saline. Tumor developed in all rats. When TB rats became anorectic, they were randomly assigned to either treatment or control groups. Using stereotaxic techniques, 25 ng of IL-1ra dissolved in normal saline (TB-IL-1ra; n = 8), or an equal volume of normal saline (TB-NS; n = 8) was injected bilaterally into the VMH. After surgery, rats were caged and changes in food intake recorded. At study's end, rats were sacrificed and brains removed for histological confirmation of injection sites. In the TB-NS group, food intake decreased with the occurrence of anorexia. In contrast, the intra-VMH injection of IL-1ra reduced the severity of cancer anorexia, significantly improving food intake in TB-IL-1ra rats. Data indicate that centrally acting IL-1 plays a significant role in the development of cancer anorexia.
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PMID:Relationship between interleukin-1 and cancer anorexia. 874 51

Anorexia is observed in 50% of cancer patients; however, the pathogenesis for cancer anorexia is unclear. We postulate that centrally acting cytokines play a role in the pathogenesis of cancer anorexia. To test our hypothesis we determined whether central interleukin 1 alpha (IL-1 alpha) was related to anorexia in tumor-bearing (TB) rats. Fischer 344 rats were inoculated with either 1 ml of 1 x 10(6) trypan blue viable methylcholanthrene-induced sarcoma cells (TB rats) or normal saline (non-tumor-bearing [NTB] rats). Rats were placed into individual metabolic cages equipped with an Automated Computerized Rat Eater Meter that continuously measured food intake. When TB rats became anorectic, TB and NTB rats were anesthetized and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was collected. IL-1 alpha was measured. Food intake in TB was 7.1 +/- 1.1 g, whereas that in NTB was 12 +/- 1.1 g (p < 0.05). Eight of the 13 TB rats had detectable concentrations of CSF IL-1 alpha; the mean CSF IL-1 alpha concentration for TB rats was 73.2 +/- 17.3 pg/ml. In contrast, none of the NTB rats (n = 11) had detectable concentrations of CSF IL-1 alpha. CSF IL-1 alpha concentrations correlated inversely with food intake. Data suggest a link between CSF IL-1 alpha and food intake in anorectic TB rats.
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PMID:Correlation between food intake and cerebrospinal fluid interleukin 1 alpha in anorectic tumor-bearing rats. 874 50


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