Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C1260386 (GSH)
 38,102 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The activities of antioxidant enzymes i.e. Cu, Zn-SOD, Mn-SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px in the normal brain and brain tumors, as well as the two varieties of SOD in the mitochondria were examined and correlated to the histopathological diagnosis and the degree of malignancy of tumors. It was found that these scavenging enzymes of oxygen free radicals were expressed with great regularity in brain tumors. Both Cu, Zn-SOD and Mn-SOD were decreased in descending order in meningiomas, low grade astrocytomas, high grade astrocytomas and medulloblastomas. Furthermore, the reduction of Mn-SOD in mitochondria was proportionate to that of the whole tissues. While in contrast to the SODs, the CAT levels were significantly increased in ascending order in high grade astrocytomas, low grade astrocytomas and meningiomas. GSH-Px increased in meningiomas but not in gliomas.
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PMID:Study of the antioxidant enzymes in human brain tumors. 885 16

Superoxide dismutase (SOD; EC 1.15.1.1), catalase (CAT; EC 1.11.1.6) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px; EC 1.19.1.1) were assayed in erythrocytes from neonates over a range of gestational ages. Both SOD and CAT activities were found to increase, but GSH-Px to decline, with gestational age. Enzyme activities in the erythrocytes of 13 babies who had respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) were not significantly different from controls matched for gestational age, but four with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) were found to have lower SOD activity. The importance of SOD in the preparation for extrauterine life is substantiated.
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PMID:Erythrocyte enzymes decomposing reactive oxygen species and gestational age. 890 59

The defenses against the production of free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are to be found in plasma (ascorbate, urate, alpha tocopherol) and in erythrocytes (superoxide dismutase or SOD; catalase or CAT; glutathione peroxidase or GPx). In chronic renal failure, an increased lipid peroxidation and a reduced antioxidant activity seem to be present, but previous reports are conflicting. To clarify the peroxidative status and the defense mechanisms taking place in patients on dialysis, in 30 patients on dialysis (15 men, 15 women) and in 20 control subjects (10 men, 10 women), the following parameters were measured: plasma 4-hydroxinonenal (4-HNE) and erythrocyte reduced glutathione (GSH), SOD, GPx, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD). Patients on dialysis, in comparison with control subjects, had 1) increased levels of 4-HNE (p < 0.001); 2) a significant increase in erythrocyte-GSH (p < 0.05); and 3) significant decreases in erythrocyte-SOD (p < 0.001), erythrocyte-G-6-PD (p < 0.005), and the erythrocyte-SOD/GPx ratio (p < 0.001). The dialysis procedure induced a certain reduction in plasma 4-HNE, an increase in erythrocyte-SOD activity, and an important consumption of erythrocyte-GSH, while the erythrocyte-SOD/GPx ratio changed. The current study supports the view that 1) erythrocytes act as small detoxifying packets; 2) in chronic renal failure, the antioxidant system is largely inadequate; and 3) in patients on dialysis, the antioxidant mechanism of erythrocytes in scavenging ROS is effectively exerted during dialysis but remains largely inadequate, as signs of lipid peroxidation persist with time.
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PMID:The role of erythrocytes in the deperoxidative processes in people on hemodialysis. 894 13

The efficiency with which beta-carotene protects against oxidative stress in chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEF) at low O2 partial pressures was assessed. Primary cultures of CEF were grown at low O2 partial pressures and oxidatively stressed by exposure to paraquat (PQ). Activities of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1; SOD), catalase (EC 1.11.1.6; CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.9; GSH-Px) were measured as indices of oxidative stress. CEF incubated with 0.25-1.0 mM-PQ for 18 h exhibited increased SOD and CAT activities compared with non-PQ-treated control cells (P < 0.001). No cytotoxicity as indicated by lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27; LDH) release was observed at PQ concentrations below 2.0 mM. Incorporation of added beta-carotene into 0.25 mM-PQ-treated cells prevented the PQ-induced increases in SOD and CAT, and activities were similar to those seen in non-PQ-treated control cells. GSH-Px activity decreased relative to its control value on exposure to 0.25 mM-PQ and beta-carotene prevented this decrease in a dose-dependent manner. The proportion of LDH released from the CEF treated with beta-carotene remained below the control value of 2.5% at all times.
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PMID:Modulation of paraquat toxicity by beta-carotene at low oxygen partial pressure in chicken embryo fibroblasts. 905 36

Blood and erythrocytes of 50 healthy volunteers and 105 patients with different forms of hemoblastoses were investigated. 54 patients had acute phase, 51 patients--remission stage of disease. Essential differences in the activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GSH-Px) were detected and compared with content of MDA and degree of anaemia. Acute phase had more significantly alteration of antioxidant defence: diverse changes of the activity of SOD and CAT, significantly inhibition of GSH-Px, the high level of MDA and increased degree of anaemia.
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PMID:[Possible use of erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes as markers of the course of disease in patients with hemoblastoses]. 914 1

The purpose of this study was to determine if proinflammatory cytokines are up-regulated during reperfusion following sublethal ischaemia, and whether concurrent up-regulation of antioxidant enzymes occurs. Open-chest rats were subjected to 15 min of ischaemia followed by 1 or 3 h reperfusion (R). Myocardium from the ischaemic zone showed a significantly higher (P<0.01) generation of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances at 1 h and 3 h R. Northern blots showed a weak signal in controls for IL-6 mRNA (0.13 +/- 0.01); this was elevated to 0.68 +/- 0.12 at 1 h and 0.69 +/- 0.10 at 3 h R. Neither IL-1beta nor tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) were detectable in controls. IL-1beta rose to 0.78 +/- 0.07 at 1 h and 0.51 +/- 0.08 at 3 h R, and TNF-alpha rose to 0.69 +/- 0.10 at 1 h and 0.38 +/- 0.15 at 3 h R. Western blotting showed no signals in the control, but readily detectable signals at 1 h R; these remained high (IL-6) or decreased (IL-1beta and TNF-alpha at 3h R. mRNA analysis for antioxidant enzymes revealed a weak signal in controls for catalase (CAT; 0.16 +/- 0.08), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px; 0.15 +/- 0.06) and superoxide dismutase (SOD; 0.21 +/- 0.05). After 1 h R, levels increased significantly for CAT (0.46 +/- 0.10; P < 0.025) and GSH-Px (0.51 +/- 0.13; P < 0.01), but remained similar to controls for SOD (0.26 +/- 0.15). At 3 h R the mRNA levels were significantly elevated for the three enzymes (CAT 0.48 +/- 0.13; GSH-Px 0.47 +/- 0.10; SOD 0.54 +/- 0.08). We conclude that mRNA for proinflammatory cytokines is expressed early in reperfusion, and that the proteins are present in heart tissue. Also, reperfusion is associated with rapid expression of genes for antioxidant enzymes, which may enhance reactive oxygen intermediate (ROI) scavenging.
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PMID:Induction of proinflammatory cytokine and antioxidant enzyme gene expression following brief myocardial ischaemia. 915 9

Cadmium (Cd)-induced oxidative damage in erythrocytes causes loss of membrane function by enhancing lipid peroxidation (LPO) and altering the erythrocyte antioxidant system. Vitamin E and/or selenium (Se) was administered to rats, prior to Cd intoxication, in order to prepare the animals to withstand oxidative assault. The treatment with Cd increased LPO in erythrocytes while animals pretreated with vitamin E and/or Se prior to Cd treatment showed decreased LPO as compared with animals given Cd alone. The erythrocyte SOD and CAT activities decreased significantly with Cd treatment. The pretreatment with vitamin E and/or Se prior to Cd administration partially reversed such changes. The erythrocytes showed a marked depletion in glutathione (GSH) content with Cd treatment. The antioxidant treatments before Cd administration helped to maintain the erythrocyte GSH content. The erythrocyte glutathione reductase (GSH-R) activity increased markedly when treatments with vitamin E and Se were applied. The GSH-R activity was not observed to decrease in animals treated with antioxidant prior to Cd intoxication, which may mean that the replenishment of erythrocyte GSH content is via GSH-R. The glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity increased significantly with Cd intoxication; however, treatment with antioxidants prior to Cd treatment decreased erythrocyte GST activity. The results show that Cd-induced LPO decreased the antioxidant capability of the erythrocytes, causing erythrocyte membrane damage.
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PMID:Cadmium-induced lipid peroxidation and the antioxidant system in rat erythrocytes: the role of antioxidants. 917 64

Seasonal variation in the activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1.; SOD), catalase (EC 1.11.1.6; CAT), glutathione peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.9; GSH-Px), glutathione reductase (EC 1.6.4.2; GR), glutathione-S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18; GST) and low-molecular-weight antioxidants: ascorbic acid (AsA), vitamin E (VIT E) and glutathione (CSH+GSSG) were examined in the brain of the ground squirrels (Citellus citellus) maintained at 30 degrees C during the whole year. The highest activity (per mg protein) of antioxidant defense (AD) enzymes was found in the spring and was much lower in the summer. A further decrease in activity of CAT, GSH-Px and GST was observed in the winter. The highest levels of AsA and glutathione were recorded in winter in comparison with spring and summer. AD system in the brain of the ground squirrel and rates (maintained at thermoneutrality) exposed to low temperature (4 degrees C) for 3, 6 or 24 hr during the summer was studied as well. Summer was chosen as a period of stable euthermia for ground squirrels and in thermoregulation similar to rats. Consumption of free fatty acid and glucose during the acute exposure to low temperature was found to be species specific. In the ground squirrel, an increase in the specific activities of SOD, after 3, 6 and 24 hr, CAT after 3 and 6 hr and GR after 6 hr of exposure to low temperature was detected. When activities were expressed in U/g wet mass, an increase of SOD after 3, 6 and 24 hr (P < 0.02, P < 0.02, P < 0.005) and CAT and GSH-Px 3 hr (P < 0.01) upon exposure to low temperature was observed. In the rats, no changes in the specific activities of these enzymes after exposure to low temperature were recorded and only an increase in GST activity (U/g wet mass) after 6 hr exposure was registered. Low-molecular-weight AD components in both animal species were unchanged upon short-term exposure to low temperature. The species-specific differences in brain AD between the rats and the ground squirrels after short exposure to low temperature may be ascribed to seasonal changes of the brain activity in the latter.
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PMID:Seasonal variation in the antioxidant defense system of the brain of the ground squirrel (Citellus citellus) and response to low temperature compared with rat. 921 14

To examine effects of exogenous Cd on the kidney antioxidant defense system (AOS) and the possible protective role of Se against Cd toxicity, male Wistar albino rats (2 months old) were exposed during 30 days to oral intake of 200 ppm Cd (as CdCl2), 0.l ppm Se (as Na-selenite) or to the same doses of Cd / Se, simultaneously. Marked accumulation of Cd (23.44 +/- 0.69 micrograms/g w.m.) and marked alterations of AOS, resulting in kidney injury (renal pseudohypertrophy), were found in Cd-treated rats. Activities of total superoxide dismutase (SOC, EC 1.15.1.1), manganese-containing superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase (Se GSH-Px, EG 1.11.1.9) were significantly reduced, whereas that of glutathione-S-transferase (CST, EC 2.5.1.18) and vitamin E (vit E) concentration were significantly increased in the kidneys of Cd-treated rats. Kidney catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6) activity, ascorbic acid (AsA) and red blood cell glutathione (GSH, GSSG) levels were not markedly influenced by CD uptake. In kidneys of Se treated rats, the activities of total SOD, copper-zinc-containing superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD) and GST were significantly increased Activities of kidney CAT and Se GSH-Px were largely unchanged, whereas significant increases of the kidney AsA and vit E concentrations occurred. In Cd + Se-cotreated rats, the kidney activities of MnSOD, CAT and Se GSH-Px, as well as vit E concentration, were the same as in controls, whereas CuZnSOD and GST activities and concentration of AsA exceeded normal values. These data indicate that Se only partially improves the AOS that is insufficient to prevent Cd-induced nephrotoxicity.
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PMID:Effect of cadmium and selenium on the antioxidant defense system in rat kidneys. 921 17

The activity of antioxidant defense (AD) enzymes--superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1.), catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6.), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px, EC 1.11.1.9.), glutathione-S-transferase (GST, EC 2.5.1.18), glutathione reductase (GR, EC 1.6.4.2) and glutathione (GSH) content of the anemic Belgrade (b/b) laboratory rats--were measured and analyzed in liver, spleen, lung, heart, brain and testes in comparison with nonanemic controls. The activities of hepatic Mn SOD, CAT, GSH-Px and GST (P < 0.02, P < 0.01 and P < 0.005) were decreased in anemic, comparing with nonanemic animals, whereas the spleen CuZn SOD, Mn SOD, CAT and GSH-Px (P < 0.005, P < 0.02, P < 0.005 and P < 0.01) activities were increased. In the lung of anemic rats, Mn SOD, GSH-Px and GR (P < 0.005, P < 0.01, P < 0.05) activities were higher, whereas GST (P < 0.01) activity was lower in relation to nonanemic ones. In anemic rats, heart Mn SOD (P < 0.05) activity was increased, brain GSH-Px (P < 0.005) activity was lower, whereas GR (P < 0.02) activity was higher compared with nonanemic controls. CuZn SOD (P < 0.05) activity in the testes was elevated and GSH-Px (P < 0.05) reduced in anemic animals. GSH content was decreased in the liver (P < 0.01), lung and brain (P < 0.005) and increased in the spleen (P < 0.02) of anemic rats in relation to the controls. Our data suggest phenotype specific differences in the AD system of the Belgrade (b/b) rat tissues in comparison with nonanemic controls.
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PMID:Activity of antioxidant defense enzymes and glutathione content in some tissues of the Belgrade (b/b) laboratory rat. 921 18


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