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Query: UMLS:C1140680 (ovarian cancer)
 28,141 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We evaluated epidemiologic evidence pertaining to the human carcinogenic potential of triazine herbicides in general and of atrazine, the most common triazine. Cancers for which data are available included non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Hodgkin's disease, leukemia, multiple myeloma, soft tissue sarcoma, colon cancer, and ovarian cancer. The investigations had methodologic limitations, including lack of in-depth exposure measurements and small numbers of subjects with heavy exposure and/or with many years since starting exposure, possibly required for the induction of cancer. The relation between triazines and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma has been assessed in four independent population-based case-control studies, reporting odds ratios ranging from 1.2 to 2.5. However, chance and/or confounding by other agricultural exposures may have produced these weak statistical associations. Furthermore, a pooled analysis of three of the case-control studies and the combined analysis of two retrospective follow-up studies did not demonstrate the types of dose-response or induction time patterns that would be expected if triazines were causal factors. The epidemiologic data pertaining to Hodgkin's disease, leukemia, multiple myeloma, soft tissue sarcoma, colon cancer, and ovarian cancer were inadequate for determining whether associations with atrazine or triazines exist in humans. For each of these cancers, only one or two studies evaluating the relationship were available, and the results of the studies typically were imprecise.
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PMID:A review of epidemiologic studies of triazine herbicides and cancer. 940 33

Epidemiologic evidence on the relationship between chemical pesticides and cancer is reviewed. In animal studies, many pesticides are carcinogenic, (e.g., organochlorines, creosote, and sulfallate) while others (notably, the organochlorines DDT, chlordane, and lindane) are tumor promoters. Some contaminants in commercial pesticide formulations also may pose a carcinogenic risk. In humans, arsenic compounds and insecticides used occupationally have been classified as carcinogens by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Human data, however, are limited by the small number of studies that evaluate individual pesticides. Epidemiologic studies, although sometimes contradictory, have linked phenoxy acid herbicides or contaminants in them with soft tissue sarcoma (STS) and malignant lymphoma; organochlorine insecticides are linked with STS, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), leukemia, and, less consistently, with cancers of the lung and breast; organophosphorous compounds are linked with NHL and leukemia; and triazine herbicides with ovarian cancer. Few, if any, of these associations can be considered established and causal. Hence, further epidemiologic studies are needed with detailed exposure assessment for individual pesticides, taking into consideration work practices, use of protective equipment, and other measures to reduce risk.
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PMID:Pesticides and cancer. 949 3

Almost all studies which have reported variation in cancer incidence and mortality rates across urbanization gradients have found higher rates in urban populations than in rural areas. Findings are presented from a study conducted to identify urban-rural trends in cancer mortality rates during 1982-91 for municipalities in Taiwan. The countries municipalities were classified as rural, suburban, urban, or metropolitan, using population density as an ordinal indicator of the degree of urbanization. Average annual age-adjusted, site-specific cancer mortality rates were calculated for both sexes within each population density group. Significant increasing trends with more urbanization were observed in mortality rates for cancers of the lung, pancreas, and kidney among both men and women, as well as male prostate cancer and female breast and ovary cancer. The study also found a significant rural excess for non-melanoma skin cancer among men and women, as well as male non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and cancers of the female bone and connective tissue.
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PMID:The relationship between population density and cancer mortality in Taiwan. 961 39

Oxaliplatin, the first available diaminocyclohexane platinum, has clinical activity in colorectal and ovarian cancers. Its mechanism of action is thought to be similar to that of cisplatin, its main mechanism being the intrastrand DNA adduct between two adjacent guanins or two adjacent guanine and adenine adducts. Ongoing molecular pharmacological studies of the mechanism of action of cisplatin suggest that platinated adducts are recognized by proteins of the mismatch repair system, including the products of the hMLH1 and hMSH2 genes. DNA mismatch repair defects occur in a wide variety of sporadic human cancers, are the main genetic factor in hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer and a frequent de novo or acquired phenomenon in ovarian cancer and other solid tumours. Moreover, they have recently been reported to be a cause of resistance to cisplatin but not to oxaliplatin, as diaminocyclohexane platinum adducts do not appear to be recognized by the mismatch repair complex. These findings explain the oxaliplatin activity in some cisplatin-resistant tumours. In addition, the good safety profile of oxaliplatin makes it a drug of choice for combination therapy, and it has been shown to be synergistic with other cytotoxic agents, including 5-fluorouracil, cisplatin, carboplatin, topotecan, gemcitabine and CPT-11. The results of several ongoing trials are awaited, but available data demonstrate that oxaliplatin is highly effective in the treatment of advanced colorectal and ovarian cancers. Promising early results suggest that it is also efficacious in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, breast and non-small-cell lung cancers. As a result of its mechanism of action, its favourable safety profile and the differential profile of its antitumoral activity, the full potential of oxaliplatin as an active, versatile antitumoral agent is yet to be fully explored.
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PMID:Ongoing and unsaid on oxaliplatin: the hope. 964 13

Secular and cohort trends in mortality from cancer in Scotland during 1953-93, and incidence during 1960-90, were analysed using individual records from the national mortality and registration files. For certain cancer sites, the secular analyses of mortality were extended back to 1911 by use of published data. Mortality from cancer at older ages in Scotland has increased over the last 40 years. In each sex, this trend has been dominated by the effects of smoking: all-cancer rates and rates of lung cancer, now the most common fatal cancer in men and in women in Scotland, reached a peak in the cohort of men born at the turn of the century and the cohort of women born in the 1920s. For much of the period, the Scottish all-age rates of lung cancer were the highest reported in the world; they are now decreasing on a secular basis in men, but are still increasing in women. There have also been large increases at older ages in the incidence and mortality rates for cancer of the prostate in recent years. bladder cancer, nervous system cancer, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, myeloma and leukaemia; for each there is likely to be a considerable artefactual element to the increase, with differing degrees of possibility that there may in addition be an element of real increase. Substantial decreases in mortality at all ages have occurred for stomach and colorectal cancers and substantial increases at all ages for pleural cancer and melanoma. Rates of mortality from breast cancer, the most common cancer in women in Scotland, have generally increased over the past 80 years; a temporary cessation in this upward trend occurred in the years during and after the Second World War, and recently rates have turned downward, probably at least in part because of better treatment. Mortality from ovarian cancer, the second most common reproductive-related female tumour in Scotland, has also increased at older ages. At younger ages, mortality from cancer in Scotland has decreased, especially in men, whereas incidence has not. This divergence, which has been a consequence of better treatment, has occurred especially for cancers of the testis and ovary, Hodgkin's disease and leukaemia. There have been increases at young adult ages, however, in both mortality from and incidence of oral and pharyngeal, oesophageal and laryngeal cancers in men, and melanoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in each sex. Cervical cancer rates at young ages also increased, but this trend has reversed for incidence in the most recent birth cohorts. Incidence rates have also increased for testicular cancer in young adults and leukaemia in children. With the possible exceptions of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and childhood leukaemia, the increasing rates are likely largely to reflect real rises in incidence, and they highlight the need for investigation of the causes of these cancers, and, when causes are known, for preventive action.
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PMID:Trends in cancer incidence and mortality in Scotland: description and possible explanations. 966 78

This review summarizes the results reported in preclinical and clinical trials of three novel anticancer drugs developed and tested in Japan. In phase II trials, Irinotecan, a semisynthetic analog of camptothecin, has yielded response rates exceeding 20% in non-small-cell lung cancer, small-cell lung cancer, breast cancer, gastric cancer, colorectal cancer, ovarian cancer, uterine cervical cancer, and non-Hodgkini's lymphoma. It was modestly active on pancreatic cancer and was not active on acute leukemias. Dose-limiting toxicities were leukopenia and diarrhea, and other major toxicities were nausea, vomiting, and alopecia. Amrubicin, a totally synthetic anthracycline, exhibited both higher efficacy on human tumor xenografts and cardiotoxicity milder than that of doxorubicin in preclinical studies. The dose-limiting toxicity in phase I trials was leukopenia. In phase II trials, amrubicin has shown activity equivalent to that of doxorubicin on non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, response rates exceeding 20% on non-small-cell lung cancer, and a response rate of 78.8% on untreated extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer. S-1 is an oral formulation consisting of ftorafur (an analog of 5-fluorouracil), 5-chloro-2, 4-dehydropyrimidine, which inhibits degradation of 5-fluorouracil, and potassium oxonate, which reduces gastrointestinal toxicity, at a molar ratio of 1:0.4:1. In phase I trials, dose-limiting toxicities (myelosuppression and gastrointestinal toxicities) were judged to be milder than those induced by UFT (ftorafur plus uracil). The response rates obtained in phase II trials were 40-49% on advanced gastric cancer, 35.5% on colorectal cancer, 37.5% on head and neck cancer, and 40.7% on breast cancer.
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PMID:Novel anticancer drugs in Japan. 1023 66

Peripheral blood progenitor cell reinfusion (PBPC) in patients undergoing high-dose chemotherapy (HDC) for poor prognosis malignancies, has been described as causing possible acute gastrointestinal (nausea, vomiting), allergic (oedema, bronchospasm, anaphyl- axis), renal (proteinuria, haematuria) and/or cardiovascular (hypotension, arrhythmia, conduction disturbances, transient ischaemic phenomena) toxicities. To establish the clinical relevance of these observations and the possible relationship with different HDC regimens used, we performed a clinical and instrumental evaluation on 33 patients with advanced breast cancer, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Hodgkin's disease, relapsed ovarian cancer, Ewing's sarcoma, extragonadal germinal tumour and small cell lung cancer. They underwent at least one reinfusion each for a total of 51 studied procedures. No patient had a previous history of cardiovascular disease or significant intercurrent illness such as diabetes or liver, renal or neurologic impairment. All patients had totally implanted central venous catheters, through which the transplants had been collected and reinfused without technical consequences. To evaluate cardiovascular function, we continuously monitored 12-lead ECGs, with arterial pressure (AP) measurements every 5 min from the beginning of the procedure to 15 min after the reinfusion ended. We did not observe any significant differences between basal and subsequent steps in AP, heart rate, PQ and QTc time, P wave and QRS complex duration or P wave and QRS electrical axes. No patient showed any ST-T tract pathological abnormality, but one patient developed a transient ectopic atrial rhythm, without any haemodynamic disfunction and with spontaneous reversion to sinus rhythm. No patient complained of symptoms of haemodynamic failure. Gastrointestinal side-effects appeared to be strictly related to speed of reinfusion and to the number of packs reinfused, probably reflecting on the amount of dimethylsulphoxide infused. In one patient a tonic-clonic seizure occurred during a vomiting episode, but no patient developed allergic or renal toxicities. We conclude that PBPC reinfusion, if managed according to the procedure we propose in patients without organic impairment, is a safe procedure not associated either with increased risk of acute arrhythmias or ischaemic or significant systemic acute toxicities. Bone Marrow Transplantation (2000) 25, 173-177.
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PMID:Evaluation of acute toxicities associated with autologous peripheral blood progenitor cell reinfusion in patients undergoing high-dose chemotherapy. 1196 Feb 81

Galectin-3, a member of the beta-galactoside-binding animal lectins, has been implicated in tumor invasion and metastasis. Using an immunoligand assay, we assessed the circulating levels of galectin-3 in sera from cancer patients as well as from healthy controls. Low serum levels of galectin-3 were detected in healthy individuals (median, 62 ng/ml; range, 20-313 ng/ml; 95th percentile, 184.3 ng/ml). Compared with healthy individuals, galectin-3 serum levels in patients with breast, gastrointestinal, lung, or ovarian cancer, melanoma, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma were significantly elevated (P = 0.014). Moreover, galectin-3 concentrations in sera from patients with metastatic disease were higher than in sera from patients with localized tumors. Maximum serum concentrations of galectin-3 (median, 320 ng/ml; range, 20-950 ng/ml) were found in patients with metastatic gastrointestinal carcinoma. These results suggest that circulating galectin-3 may play a role in tumor progression. The possibility of using this assay in early-stage cancer to predict metastasis should be studied.
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PMID:Concentrations of galectin-3 in the sera of normal controls and cancer patients. 1077 68

A systematic review of the literature was undertaken to assess what published evidence is currently available to support the increasing use of autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT), and to evaluate the published data with regard to the comparative cost of high-dose and conventional therapy. The review aimed to identify all published, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing high-dose therapy (HDT) with ASCT versus conventional chemotherapy (CC) in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Hodgkin's disease, multiple myeloma, and breast, lung, testicular and ovarian cancer. The review also aimed to identify all studies that had compared the cost of the two treatment strategies. Reports were identified by systematic searches of Cancerlit, Embase and Medline, and handsearching of several conference proceedings. Where possible, pooled odds ratios (ORs) were calculated according to the fixed-effect model. A total of 18 randomized trials were identified in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Hodgkin's disease, multiple myeloma, and breast, lung and testicular cancer. Trials were generally small and no disease site had sufficient information to determine reliably whether high-dose therapy with autologous transplant is more effective than CC. Five studies were identified that compared the cost of the two treatments. These found the cost of HDT to be between one and four times higher than that of CC. Further randomized trials are required. Where appropriate, these should include economic assessment and assessments of long-term toxicity.
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PMID:Autologous stem cell transplantation for malignancy: a systematic review of the literature. 1079 94

Oxaliplatin (Eloxatin), a recently developed third-generation cisplatin analogue with a 1,2-diaminocyclohexane (DACH) carrier ligand, has displayed preclinical and clinical activity in a wide variety of tumour types. Synergistic with 5-FU in colorectal cancer (CRC), the combination has proven efficacy in 5-FU-resistant advanced disease and in previously untreated CRC, as demonstrated in controlled phase III trials, while evaluation in the adjuvant setting is ongoing. Due to its excellent safety profile, its unique mechanism of action and lack of cross-resistance with other active agents in CRC, oxaliplatin has also been combined with CPT-11 and Raltitrexed with promising results. Trials in pretreated and untreated advanced ovarian cancer (AOC), as a single agent or in combination with cisplatin, cyclophosphamide or paclitaxel, indicate a yet to be defined role in AOC and confirm its lack of cross-resistance with cis/carboplatin. Clinical investigations of single agent and combination therapies in breast, lung, prostate and germ-cell carcinomas, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and malignant mesothelioma are being pursued. While the role of oxaliplatin in medical oncology is yet to be fully defined, it appears to be an important new anticancer agent.
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PMID:Oxaliplatin clinical activity: a review. 1093 65


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