Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C1140680 (ovarian cancer)
 28,141 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A retrospective analysis was carried out on 52 ovarian cancer cases and an equal number of controls from the Western region of Saudi Arabia. Only 30.77% of cases as compared with 55.77% of the controls used oral contraceptives, but also only 31.25% of cases compared with 72.42% of controls were longterm users (or= 5 years). 26.92% of women had their menarche before age of 12, 63.46% between 12 and 14, and 9.62% at age 15 years or over. In the control group the corresponding percentages were 46.15%, 42.3%, and 11.54%, respectively. Of the 22 postmenopausal cases, 18.18% had their menopause before age 45, 45.46% between 45 and 49 and 36.36% at age 50 years or over. However, among the 16 postmenopausal controls, 56.25% had their menopause before the age of 45, 31.25% between 45 and 49, and only 12.51% at age 50 years or over. 48.48% of all cases experienced premenstrual tension compared with only 38.46% of controls. In addition, 72.73% of postmenopausal cases reported hot flashes vs. only 31.25% of postmenopausal controls. The estimated relative risk of oral contraceptive use, as compared with nonuse, was found to be 0.4 (60% protection); this was statistically significant by the Chi-square test. The relative risk of disease development decreased with the duration of oral contraceptive use: it was found to be 0.9 (0.3-2.5) for women reporting oral contraceptive use of less than 5 years and 0.2 (01-0.5) for 5 years or more. although the relative risk of women whose menarche occurred below 12 years as compared with 15 years or over was above unity (1.8) and the relative risk associated with having, as opposed to not having premenstrual tension, followed the same trend with a value of 1.5. Compared with women whose menopause between 45 and 49 years or earlier, the relative risk was 4.5 for menopause between 45 and 49 years and 9.0 for menopause at 50 years or above. Similarly, hot flashes were significantly more often encountered among cases than controls and the relative risk was 5.9 with a 95% confidence interval of 1.4-24.0.
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PMID:An epidemiologic study of ovarian cancer. Part 11: Oral contraceptive use and menstrual events. 129 83

What factors influence a woman's chances of developing or avoiding ovarian cancer? Because early diagnosis is so difficult and this disease is usually diagnosed only in the late stages where treatment usually fails, physicians and women are becoming increasingly interested in answering this question. As a result of two studies conducted over the last fifteen years, certain risk factors have been identified, showing that a woman has a greater chance of developing ovarian cancer if she is white, married, has a family history of the disease, has no children or has a history of difficulty in conceiving, and has menopausal hot flashes. Chances of developing the disease are also greater in women who have a primary breast or colon tumor. Clinical conditions were utilization of these risk factors may contribute to the reduction of morbidity and mortality of ovarian cancer are suggested.
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PMID:Epidemiology of ovarian cancer. 264 7

For 50 years, the three- and five-year survival rates of under 40% for invasive ovarian cancer in the USA have not significantly changed. Identifying those women who have a greater probability of developing the disease should contribute to improving survival. Our 3-year case-control study of 298 women from the metropolitan Washington, DC, area with primary epithelial ovarian cancer revealed a woman is at greater risk of developing ovarian cancer if she has a family history of the disease, experiences difficulty becoming pregnant, and has a normal menopause with hot flashes. Her risk for the disease is diminished with multiparity, a history of dysmenorrhea, and hysterectomy. Physicians should consider these risk factors when performing pelvic examinations in women and coordinate them with known changes in ovarian size and procedures to view the ovaries which may permit earlier recognition of ovarian cancer.
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PMID:Risk factors in ovarian cancer. 339 Nov 90

Thirty-four patients with histologically confirmed ovarian cancer were entered into a pilot study. Patients were randomized to receive cisplatin alone or cisplatin plus D-Trp-6-LHRH(decapeptyl). Objective response (complete and partial response) was documented in 9 of 14 patients on cisplatin and in 12 of 18 patients on cisplatin plus decapeptyl. Median time to treatment failure and median survival times were the same in the two treatment regimens. Toxicities were similar in the two treatment arms, except for hot flashes which only occurred in patients on cisplatin plus decapeptyl.
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PMID:Cisplatin versus cisplatin plus D-Trp-6-LHRH in the treatment of ovarian cancer: a pilot trial to investigate the effect of the addition of a GnRH analogue to cisplatin. 869 36

Compliance with estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) following surgical menopause is poor. In women who have a family history of ovarian cancer, fear of the oncogenic potential of estrogen might affect compliance with ERT following oophorectomy. Compliance with ERT in such a select group of women has not been previously reported. The aim of the present study was to report on compliance with and side effects of ERT in women with a family history of ovarian cancer who underwent oophorectomy either prophylactically or for benign disease. Eighty women with a family history of ovarian cancer who underwent oophorectomy at Roswell Park Cancer Institute were followed for a median duration of 4.2 years (range, 5 months to 14 years). Of the 76 women who were given prescriptions for ERT, the rates of commencement and maintenance of ERT at 1, 2, and 5 years were calculated. Side effects related to the different modalities of ERT were recorded. Seventy-one of 76 women (93.4%) who were given prescriptions for ERT initiated treatment. The rate of commencement of ERT was higher in premenopausal than in postmenopausal women (98.3% versus 75%, respectively, P = 0.003). Except for one patient who developed breast cancer after the oophorectomy and was advised to stop estrogen, all patients said they continued to use ERT. The maintenance rates at 1, 2, and 5 years were 100% as per patients' history. The pharmacy records for ERT prescription refills were reviewed for 52 patients who were on ERT for more than 1 year. ERT compliance was confirmed in 42 patients (80.7%). Seven of 30 patients (23.3%) who retained their uterus developed irregular uterine bleeding and 4 underwent endometrial biopsies. The incidence of irregular uterine bleeding was significantly higher after continuous compared to cyclic estrogen and progestogen (37.6 and 7% respectively, P = 0.049). Four patients (5.6%) complained of hot flashes and were managed by changing the dose or formula of estrogen. Compliance with ERT among patients with a family history of ovarian cancer who underwent oophorectomy either prophylactically or for benign disease was excellent. The presence of the uterus and the incidence of irregular uterine bleeding did not affect patients' compliance with ERT.
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PMID:Estrogen replacement therapy following oophorectomy in women with a family history of ovarian cancer. 923 29

Nonpregnant/nonlactating women who do not menstruate for at least 6 months have secondary amenorrhea. Stress can induce it. Physical changes can also cause it. Oral contraceptives and other drugs can also bring about secondary amenorrhea. Genital tuberculosis (TB) destroys the endometrium thereby causing secondary amenorrhea. Physicians should initiate antibiotic treatment in women with TB. Further, high levels of prolactin stimulated by an overactive anterior pituitary gland or by a pituitary tumor can produce secondary amenorrhea. Physicians should routinely ask these women if they have hot flashes. These may indicate early climacteric indicated by high levels of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Prognosis for a return to menstruation is poor if it is indeed responsible. Further, they should also note changes in hair growth. Any such changes may mean an ovarian tumor, polycystic ovaries, or adrenal disease. If adrenal disease is the cause, the level of serum prolactin should be determined. If a high level of prolactin is found, an X-ray should be taken of the pituitary fossa. If it reveals that the clinoid process had eroded or the floor has doubled, a pituitary tumor may exist. If ovarian cancer is responsible, physicians should begin thyroxine treatment. They should prescribe bromocryptine if a pituitary tumor does not exist yet hyperprolactinemia does. Menstruation should return in about 6 weeks. Low or normal levels of FSH and/or LH may indicate that the hypothalamus does secrete gonadotropic releasing factor. Then physicians should administer clomiphene. Menstruation should return in 1-3 months. Women should continue taking clomiphene until they conceive or withdraw from treatment. Physicians should routinely conduct a examination between treatment courses because enlarged ovaries occur in 7% of the treatment cycles. If clomiphene fails, physicians may try gonadotropin treatment. Some surgical procedures may also treat secondary amenorrhea when other treatment fails.
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PMID:Modern management of secondary amenorrhoea. 1228 31

Matters of sexuality and intimacy greatly impact quality of life of patients with gynecologic cancers. Vast amount of evidence exists showing that cancer dramatically impacts woman's sexuality, sexual functioning, intimate relationships and sense of self. Sexual functioning can be affected by illness, pain, anxiety, anger, stressful circumstances and medications. There is a growing acknowledgement that these needs are not being appropriately addressed by providers. With improvements in early detection, surgery and adjuvant therapy for gynecologic cancer, long term survival and cure are becoming possible. Quality of life is thus becoming a major issue for patients. Patients suffer from hot flashes, difficulty sleeping, loss of libido and intimacy, all resulting in significant morbidity and loss of quality of life. Using hormone replacement therapy in gynecologic cancer survivors is a topic a great debate. While limited studies are available to date, retrospective cohort reviews show no reported differences in overall or disease-free survival in patients using hormone replacements vs. controls in patients with ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer, cervical, vaginal or vulva cancer. Since safety of using HRT remains controversial and prospective studies are lacking, providers need to be able to provide alternatives to HRT. Centrally acting agents such as antiseizure agent gabapentin and selective serotonine re-uptake inhibitors, such as venlafaxine and fluoxitine have been demonstrated to show effectiveness in treating vasomotor symptoms and are easily tolerated. To address cardiovascular and osteoporosis risks of post-menopausal status, exercise, healthy diet, bisphosphonates, raloxifen and statins have been found to be effective. Psychotherapy plays an essential part in management of these issues. Review of the literature reveals recent trends among health psychologists to utilize psychoeducational interventions that include combined elements of cognitive and behavioral therapy with education and mindfulness training. Intervention studies have found positive effects from this approach, particularly within the areas of arousal, orgasm, satisfaction, overall well-being, and decreased depression. Many of patients' issues are easy to address with either hormonal, non-hormonal or psychotherapy modifications. The essential part of success is the providers appreciation of this serous problem and willingness and comfort in addressing it.
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PMID:Sexuality and intimacy after gynecological cancer. 2030 22

Oncology acupuncture is a new and emerging field of research. Recent advances from published clinical trials have added evidence to support the use of acupuncture for symptom management in cancer patients. Recent new developments include (1) pain and dysfunction after neck dissection; (2) radiation-induced xerostomia in head and neck cancer; (3) aromatase inhibitor-associated arthralgia in breast cancer; (4) hot flashes in breast cancer and prostate cancer; and (5) chemotherapy-induced neutropenia in ovarian cancer. Some interventions are becoming a non-pharmaceutical option for cancer patients, while others still require further validation and confirmation. Meanwhile, owing to the rapid development of the field and increased demands from cancer patients, safety issues concerning oncology acupuncture practice have become imperative. Patients with cancer may be at higher risk developing adverse reactions from acupuncture. Practical strategies for enhancing safety measures are discussed and recommended.
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PMID:Recent advances in oncology acupuncture and safety considerations in practice. 2110 62

The use of botanical dietary supplements is becoming increasingly popular for the alleviation of hormonal-based conditions such as hot flashes, premenstrual syndrome, and fertility. Estrogen and progesterone receptors (ER and PR) play an essential role in these processes. However, despite the fact that many therapies used to alleviate gynecological conditions act through PR-mediated mechanisms, few studies have investigated or identified any herbal natural product components that act on this receptor. In the current study, we used a progesterone response element (PRE)-luciferase (Luc) reporter assay to identify four phytoprogestins present in a standardized red clover ( Trifolium pratense) extract. We found that the component irilone (1) potentiated the effect of progesterone in both endometrial and ovarian cancer cell lines. In these cancers, progesterone action is generally associated with positive outcomes; thus the potentiating effect of 1 may provide entirely new strategies for enhancing progesterone signaling as a means of mitigating conditions such as fibroids and endometriosis. Formononetin (3) and biochanin A (4) exhibited mixed agonist activity, while prunetin (2) acted only as an antagonist. Collectively, these results suggest that the effects of red clover extract repeatedly observed in cultured cells and the inverse correlation between risk of various cancers and flavonoid intake may be due, in part, to altered progesterone signaling.
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PMID:Irilone from Red Clover ( Trifolium pratense) Potentiates Progesterone Signaling. 3019 56