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Query: UMLS:C1140680 (ovarian cancer)
 28,141 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Recent case reports of ovarian cancer associated with infertility treatment raise the question of a possible etiopathogenetic role of fertility drugs in ovarian cancer. In this paper, the possible relationship between infertility treatment and ovarian cancer is reviewed with respect to the epidemiological and pathogenetic profiles of ovarian cancer and the potential risk factors associated with fertility drugs; a case report review and a critical reappraisal are also provided within this article. Currently available data in the literature, from epidemiological studies and case reports, suggest that a direct causal effect of infertility treatment on ovarian cancer seems unlikely. Since infertile women are likely to have a higher risk for the development of ovarian cancer, and the role of fertility drugs in the etiopathogenesis of ovarian carcinoma is not established, a close clinical examination of infertile patients before, during and after infertility treatment is recommended. Moreover, further investigation is required to resolve the question of the possible association between fertility drugs and ovarian cancer through large prospective epidemiological or retrospective case-control studies.
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PMID:Fertility drugs and ovarian cancer. 908 41

A stage 1C serous epithelial cancer was discovered and treated during laparoscopy performed for infertility investigation. An immediate in-vitro fertilization (IVF) was scheduled to obtain frozen embryos. Oncological treatment was then completed by radical surgery (with uterine conservation) and chemotherapy. Two years later, the thawed embryos were unsuccessfully transferred. However, following oocyte donation, the patient became pregnant and delivered two babies. From this observation, the authors discuss the strategy required in cases of early ovarian cancer associated with infertility.
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PMID:Successful oocyte donation after stage 1C serous ovarian cancer. 926 2

This study concerns the evaluation of epidemiologic, clinical and laboratory parameters and the comparison of the multiple parameters between benign and malignant tumors of the ovary to establish significant criteria allowing a Malignant Risk Index to be defined. The incidence of ovarian cancer was higher among post-menopausal women with no use of oral contraceptives. There was no correlation between sterility, infertility or nulliparity and ovarian cancer. The age at menarche, menopause or first term delivery showed no influence on the risk of ovarian cancer. The Authors verified significant differences (p < 0.001) in the levels of serum CA 125 between patients with benign ovarian tumors and patients with ovarian cancer. Those differences showed high sensitivity and specificity. Ultrasonographic criteria were difficult to interpret because of their subjectivity. However, there were significant differences concerning the size of the tumors, the bilaterality, the solid component and ascites; all these criteria were more frequent among malignant masses. It is imperative to define a high confidence degree Malignant Risk Index for ovarian tumors allowing the establishment of screening strategies applicable to risk populations.
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PMID:[Comparative study of benign and malignant tumor of the ovary]. 947 88

There has been increasing concern in recent years regarding a possible link between drugs given for infertility treatment and the subsequent risk of cancer, particularly ovarian cancer. Recent epidemiological studies reassure us that any effect, if present, is likely to be small, and does not affect women who conceive with such treatment.
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PMID:Cancer in women with infertility. 961 42

The incidence of gynecologic malignancies shows considerable regional differences which suggest a decisive role of environmental and endocrine factors in tumor genesis. The risk of developing breast cancer increases with increasing age, a positive family history, prolonged exposure to estrogens (early menarche, late menopause), nulliparity, alcohol consumption, and obesity. A relationship between a long exposure to estrogens and an increased risk of cancer may also be assumed in the case of endometrial cancer. Whether estrogens or their metabolites promote the initiation of cancer remains to be clarified. Endocrine monotherapy with only an estrogen, obesity, nulliparity/infertility as well as a late natural menopause are well-known risk factors of developing endometrial cancer. Whereas estrogens induce a hyperplasia of the endometrial mucosa, gestagens exert a protective effect on the endometrium. Old age, a family history of breast, endometrial and ovarian cancer as well as persistent or treated infertility are the established risk factors of ovarian cancer. Each pregnancy, the intake of oral contraceptives, a hysterectomy or tubal ligation are associated with a decreased risk of developing ovarian cancer; hormonal replacement therapy has no influence on the risk of ovarian cancer.
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PMID:[Epidemiologic considerations on the significance of hormones in carcinogenesis]. 981 21

Clinically, it is important to detect mycoplasmas because these organisms have been implicated in gastric and ovarian cancer, pneumonia, postabortal fever, pelvic inflammatory disease, pyelonephritis, endometritis, urethritis, perinatal mortality, arthritis, spontaneous abortion, infertility and interference with sperm development and they act as cofactors catalyzing the HIV disease state. Recently, the combined polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method targeting the consensus DNA of over 15 species of mycoplasmas was shown to be superior for the detection of mycoplasmas. The objective was to determine if there was an association between mycoplasmas and cervical neoplasia. Cervical tissues, histopathologically categorized by cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grade, flat or exophytic, and acanthosis or koilocytotic, were used. The results showed that mycoplasmas DNA were present in 21.4% of the condyloma tissues and in 33.3% of condyloma tissues with CIN. In contrast, mycoplasmas DNA were not detected when there were no CIN. The presence or absence of human papillomavirus (HPV) did not make a difference. Mycoplasmas DNA were present in 40.0 and 12.5% of the exophytic and flat condylomas, respectively. A higher percentage of cervical tissues graded with slight koilocytosis had (P = 0.05) mycoplasmas DNA compared with tissues graded with moderate koilocytosis. The detection of mycoplasmas DNA in archived cervical condyloma tissues with CIN corroborated previous reports of an association between mycoplasmas and CIN. However, the association between mycoplasmas and the presence of HPV could not be made in this study.
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PMID:Assessment of archived paraffin-embedded cervical condyloma tissues for mycoplasma-conserved DNA using sensitive PCR-ELISA. 982 68

The possibility that ovulation induction increases the risk of ovarian cancer remains unproven. However, recent studies suggest that both infertility and endometriosis may be independent risk factors. Despite the various case reports and epidemiological studies performed the association between the use of infertility drugs and ovarian cancer remains weak. The fact that the women who were the first to use ovulation agents are now reaching mid-life means that future studies should show whether any association exists. Hence, there is a need now for large prospective trials to be performed to establish whether an association between ovulation induction agents and ovarian cancer truly exists.
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PMID:Ovarian cancer in infertility patients. 992 Mar 53

Epithelial ovarian cancer is fairly common with high rates in Scandinavia, intermediate rates in western Europe and North America and low rates in the developing countries and in Japan. The 5-year survival rate is less than 40%. Increasing parity consistently gives a strong protection against epithelial ovarian cancer. A lesser degree of protection is probably derived from incomplete pregnancies and lactation. Ages at menarche and menopause are most probably weak predictors of epithelial ovarian cancer risk. Ever users of oral contraceptives (OC) have 30% lower risk compared to never users. The protection increases with duration of OC use, being about 50% after 5 years. The reduced risk among past OC users persists for at least 10 years after cessation of use. Results concerning hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and epithelial ovarian cancer risk are conflicting, but most data point to a weak or no association, but as an increasing number of women use HRT it still seems important to resolve any potential effect. Infertility adds to epithelial ovarian cancer risk in nulliparous women, while temporary fertility problems in parous women do not appear to increase risk. A possible independent risk effect of fertility drug use has not been easy to assess and remains unresolved. It has been particularly difficult to separate the effects of fertility drugs from those of infertility. Tubal ligation and hysterectomy convey protection against epithelial ovarian cancer, possibly through a suppressed ovarian hormone production. The causes of epithelial ovarian cancer are poorly understood, but reproductive hormones are thought to be involved in the aetiology. For a long time the 'incessant' and 'gonadotrophin' hypotheses have been promoted in relation to carcinogenesis. Both hypotheses find support in ovarian cancer epidemiology, and recent progress in molecular biology adds to the understanding of possible aetiological mechanisms. Another hypothesis focuses on the retrograde transport of contaminants or carcinogens through the Fallopian tubes. It is important to establish if the same risk factors apply to the various histological types of ovarian cancer, as particularly the mucinous ovarian tumours seem to present with different risk factors. Another question to resolve is if sporadic vs. inherited cases carry distinct risk profiles. As the hypotheses above do not explain all of the results derived from ovarian cancer epidemiology, there is a need to test additional hypotheses to possibly define preventive programmes and to come closer to the cause of ovarian cancer.
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PMID:Hormonal aspects of epithelial ovarian cancer: review of epidemiological evidence. 1020 55

A 35-year-old woman with primary infertility underwent an ovarian cystectomy for a 5 x 4 cm left adnexal mass. There was no macroscopic evidence of metastatic disease. The final pathology report revealed a poorly differentiated serous cystadenocarcinoma. Because the patient desired to retain child-bearing capacity, she refused a surgical staging of her ovarian cancer. She elected to receive combination chemotherapy. This was then followed by a negative reassessment laparotomy. The patient was diagnosed with recurrent, metastatic ovarian carcinoma 10 years later.
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PMID:Long-term consequences following conservative management of epithelial ovarian cancer in an infertile patient. 1036 78

An epidemiological correlation between infertility therapy and ovarian cancer development has been reported in 1992; consequently, the possible role of gonadotropins in ovarian carcinogenesis has received much attention. Here, we review the effect of gonadotropins on epithelial ovarian carcinoma and ovarian surface epithelium (OSE), which is the histogenetic origin of carcinomas. Recent studies have demonstrated that gonadotropin receptors are expressed in OSE and in approximately half of the ovarian carcinomas. Gonadotropins have also been reported to stimulate cell proliferation and to inhibit apoptosis in OSE and ovarian cancer cells. These data suggest that gonadotropins play an important role in the development, progression, and/or chemoresistance of ovarian carcinomas. Hormonal therapy against gonadotropins may be applicable for patients with ovarian carcinoma.
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PMID:Review: gonadotropins and development of ovarian cancer. 1054 2


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