Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0948265 (metabolic syndrome)
 24,271 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A new guideline on metabolic syndrome (MS) in Japanese was introduced in 2005. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and lifestyle characteristics of Japanese hypertensive patients with MS. Subjects were 290 patients (mean age: 64+/-11 years) who had been followed at our hospital. The waist circumference (WC) and body mass index (BMI) were assessed. Subjects who had BMI >or=25 kg/m(2) were defined as having BMI obesity, while abdominal obesity was defined as a WC >or=85 cm in men and >or=90 cm in women, respectively. Since all patients had hypertension, the definition of MS was made when the patient had abdominal obesity plus either dyslipidemia or glucose intolerance, or both. Among the subjects, 230 patients underwent 24-h home urine collection to measure urinary salt and potassium excretions. Dietary habits were also assessed by use of a questionnaire. Mean values of BMI and WC were 24.2+/-3.4 kg/m(2) and 87.1+/-9.6 cm, respectively. Among the total subject group, 39% patients were classified as having BMI obesity, 49% as having abdominal obesity, and 27% as having MS. BMI was significantly correlated with WC both in men (r=0.86; p<0.01) and in women (r=0.79; p<0.01). More men than women belonged to the BMI obesity (46% vs. 33%, p<0.05), abdominal obesity (63% vs. 39%, p<0.01) and MS (39% vs. 18%, p<0.01) groups. There were no significant differences in blood pressure between patients with and without MS, while patients with MS needed a greater number of antihypertensive drugs than those without MS. Mean urinary salt and potassium excretions were 8.9+/-3.8 g/day and 1.9+/-0.7 g/day, respectively. Urinary salt excretion of <6 g (100 mmol of sodium)/day was achieved in 20% of the subjects. Urinary salt excretion in the patients with MS was significantly higher than that in the patients without (10.1+/-4.2 vs. 8.5+/-3.6 g/day; p<0.01). Only 16% of the patients with MS achieved salt restriction (<6 g/day). The patients with MS had a significantly greater the chance to eat out than the patients without MS. They were also less aware of the need to increase their vegetable consumption. The results suggested that MS is prevalent in Japanese hypertensive patients. Patients with MS showed higher urinary salt excretion and needed more antihypertensive drugs to manage their blood pressure. Dietary counseling focusing not only on sodium restriction but also on the need to increase fruit and vegetable consumption seems to be important.
 ...
PMID:Prevalence and lifestyle characteristics of hypertensive patients with metabolic syndrome followed at an outpatient clinic in fukuoka, Japan. 1825 May 57

Aldosterone is an adrenal hormone that regulates sodium, fluid, and potassium balance. Jerome Conn first described the syndrome of autonomous and excessive aldosterone secretion or "primary aldosteronism." Contrary to the historical belief, recent studies indicate that primary aldosteronism is a common cause of hypertension with a prevalence of 5-10% among general hypertensive patients. Various animal models have demonstrated that aldosterone in association with a high salt diet results in target-organ inflammation and fibrosis. Similarly, cross-sectional and observational human studies have demonstrated the association of aldosterone with development and severity of hypertension, congestive heart failure, coronary artery disease, chronic kidney disease, and metabolic syndrome. Several interventional studies have also demonstrated the beneficial effects of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists in these disease processes, particularly hypertension, heart failure, and post myocardial infarction, further supporting the role of aldosterone in their pathogenesis. We review the role of aldosterone in these various cardiovascular disease processes along with potential mechanisms and treatment.
 ...
PMID:Aldosterone and cardiovascular disease. 1913 16

Deficiency of minerals causes functional abnormality of enzymes, frequently resulting in metabolic disturbance. We investigated possible relationship between minerals and metabolic syndrome by analysis of hair tissue minerals. We selected 848 subjects older than 20 years of age at Ajou University Hospital from May 2004 to February 2007. We excluded the subjects who had cancers, steroid and thyroid medication, and incomplete record from the study. Finally, 343 subjects were eligible. We performed cross-sectional analysis for the relationship between minerals and metabolic syndrome. The contents of calcium, magnesium, and copper in the metabolic syndrome group were significantly lower than those of the normal group, whereas the amounts of sodium, potassium, and mercury in the metabolic syndrome group were significantly higher than those of the normal group. By dividing the subjects into quartile with the level of calcium, magnesium, and mercury concentrations, we carried out logistic regression analysis to study the subjects and found that the subjects in the third quartile of calcium and magnesium concentrations had significantly lower odds ratio (OR) of the metabolic syndrome compared with that of the lowest quartile group [OR = 0.30, confidence interval (CI) = 0.10-0.89; OR = 0.189, CI = 0.063-0.566] and that the subjects in the highest mercury quartile had significantly higher OR of the metabolic syndrome compared with that of the lowest mercury quartile group (OR = 7.35, CI = 1.73-31.1). As part of the metabolic syndrome, the optimal calcium and magnesium concentrations in hair tissue may reflect decreased risk of metabolic syndrome, whereas high mercury concentration in hair tissue may indicate increased risk of metabolic syndrome.
 ...
PMID:Hair tissue mineral analysis and metabolic syndrome. 1922 98

A benefit-risk evaluation of the evidence for including dairy foods in the diet is presented. For many persons dairy products provide a substantial portion of essential nutrients, but especially calcium, potassium, and magnesium. Dietary supplements and fortified foods can be alternative sources of these nutrients, although other components of dairy foods such as amino acid composition and conjugated linoleic acid may be instrumental in the benefits associated with dairy product consumption for bone health and reduced risk of stroke, metabolic syndrome, and some cancers. Newer evidence shows that protein-induced calciuria does not have a detrimental effect on net calcium retention, and the concentrations of hormones in milk are not outside of the range of endogenous concentrations. Increased dietary protein, including from milk, can elevate serum concentrations of insulin-like growth factor I, which has an unknown relation to cancer. The concern over consumption of milk leading to increased risk of prostate cancer through reduction of serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, a potent anti-prostate cancer hormone, has been resolved with new evidence that local production of this hormone is independent of diet. Overall, evidence suggests that being a lactovegetarian has greater health benefits and reduced health risks than being a vegan.
 ...
PMID:Should dairy be recommended as part of a healthy vegetarian diet? Point. 1932 71

The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with clustering of cardiovascular risk factors in individuals that may greatly increase their risk of developing coronary artery disease. Obesity and related metabolic dysfunction are the driving forces in the prevalence of MetS. It is believed that obesity has detrimental effects on cardiovascular function, but its overall impact on the vasomotor regulation of small coronary arteries is still debated. Emerging evidence indicates that in obesity coronary arteries adapt to hemodynamic changes via maintaining and/or upregulating cellular mechanism(s) intrinsic to the vascular wall. Among other factors, endothelial production of cyclooxygenase-2-derived prostacyclin and reactive oxygen species, as well as increased nitric oxide sensitivity and potassium channel activation in smooth muscle cells, have been implicated in maintaining coronary vasodilator function. This review aims to examine studies that have been primarily focused on alterations in coronary vasodilator function in obesity. A better understanding of cellular mechanisms that may contribute to coronary microvascular adaptation may provide insight into the sequence of pathological events in obesity and may allow the harnessing of these effects for therapeutic purposes.
 ...
PMID:Mechanisms of coronary microvascular adaptation to obesity. 1953 72

The mechanism underlying blood pressure (BP) reduction in the high fruits and vegetables arm of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) study is unknown but may include potassium, magnesium and fibre. This study was designed to separate minerals and fibre from other components of DASH on BP in abdominally obese individuals with metabolic syndrome with pre-hypertension to stage 1 hypertension (obese hypertensives). A total of 15 obese hypertensives and 15 lean normotensives were studied on a standardized usual diet, randomized to DASH or usual diet supplemented with potassium, magnesium and fibre to match DASH, then crossed over to the complementary diet. All diets were 3 weeks long, isocaloric and matched for sodium and calcium. In obese hypertensives, BP was lower after 3 weeks on DASH than usual diet (-7.6+/-1.4/-5.3+/-1.4 mm Hg, P<0.001/0.02) and usual diet supplemented (-6.2+/-1.4/-3.7+/-1.4 P<0.005/0.06), whereas BP was not significantly different on usual and supplemented diets. BP values were not different among the three diets in lean normotensives. Small artery elasticity was lower in obese hypertensives than in lean normotensives on the usual and supplemented diets (P<0.02). This index of endothelial function improved in obese hypertensives (P<0.02) but not lean normotensives on DASH, and was no longer different from values in lean normotensives (P>0.50). DASH is more effective than potassium, magnesium and fibre supplements for lowering BP in obese hypertensives, which suggest that high fruits and vegetables DASH lowers BP and improves endothelial function in this group by nutritional factors in addition to potassium, magnesium and fibre.
 ...
PMID:DASH lowers blood pressure in obese hypertensives beyond potassium, magnesium and fibre. 1962 43

The objective of this study was to investigate the association between sodium intake and metabolic syndrome (MS) in individuals free from the confounding effects of increased blood pressure (BP). In all, a total of 1655 individuals (45.8% men) who participated in the MONICA-WHO/Vitoria Project, mean age 45+/-11 years were investigated. According to NCEP-ATP lll criteria, MS prevalence was 32.9 and 85% of these individuals had BP >130/85 mm Hg. Thus, high BP represents the main MS risk factor. Twelve-hour nocturnal urine (1900 to 0700 hours) was used to measure urinary sodium and potassium excretion. Sodium excretion was associated with BP. From the optimal BP level up to stage lll hypertension, the mean (median) sodium excretion increased from 99 (89) to 128 (134) mEq and from 81 (69) to 112 (103) mEq in men and women, respectively (P<0.001 for trend; median). However, when 781 individuals with BP <130/85 mm Hg (including 80 drug-free normotensive individuals with MS) were stratified according to the gender and number of MS components, no significant differences were observed either in the urinary volume or in the sodium or potassium excretion. For each of the four MS components, sodium excretion was 96+/-48, 97+/-53, 108+/-65 and 97+/-49 mEq for men, and 83+/-51, 83+/-58, 80+/-49 and 93+/-45 mEq for women, respectively. No differences were found in urinary sodium excretion in normotensive individuals, regardless of the presence of MS. Therefore, it seems that high sodium intake is not an MS predictor per se as suggested earlier.
 ...
PMID:Salt excretion in normotensive individuals with metabolic syndrome: a population-based study. 1969 79

The metabolic syndrome (MS) has been associated with hyperactivity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). To assess the hypothesis that diuretic therapy in MS patients through further stimulation of RAAS would elicit greater potassium (K) depletion, two groups of hypertensive patients with (MS group [MSG]; n=20) and without (control group [CG]; n=19) MS were studied. Plasma renin activity (PRA), aldosterone (PA), and K levels were determined and an oral glucose tolerance test with plasma insulin determinations for calculation of homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), sensitivity (ISI), and secretion (HOMA-beta) was performed, both before and 12 weeks after hydrochlorothiazide (HCT; 25 mg/d) therapy. At baseline, higher HOMA IR and HOMA-beta and lower ISI and plasma K were found in the MSG than in the CG, with no differences in PA and PRA between groups. With therapy, PRA increased similarly in both groups while PA increased only in the MSG. However, greater reduction in plasma K occurred in the CG, and the 2 groups reached similar final K values. Impairment in glucose tolerance occurred in both groups, with no change in HOMA-beta in the CG and reduction in the MSG, suggesting that diuretic therapy increases insulin resistance and impairs insulin secretion independent of abdominal obesity. These alterations could not be attributed to hyperactivity of RAAS.
 ...
PMID:Diuretic-induced potassium depletion and glucose intolerance are not related to hyperactivity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in hypertensive patients with the metabolic syndrome. 1981 35

Eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, has become clinically available in Japan since 2007. It has been reported that eplerenone has a potential antihypertensive effect, with a profile slightly different from that of spironolactone, and has fewer adverse reactions, suggesting that it may become a first-line treatment for hypertension. However, clinical data on hypertensive patients in Japan are lacking for eplerenone. In this study, we explored the clinical efficacy of eplerenone when it is added to an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or a long-acting calcium channel blocker (CCB) in 68 (31 males, 37 females) Japanese patients with essential hypertension. After adding 50 mg of eplerenone to their basal treatment, blood pressure was significantly reduced at 4 weeks, and further reduced after 24 weeks of eplerenone treatment. Urinary albumin excretion decreased significantly after 24 weeks. There were no significant differences in general biochemical test values or electrolytes, but fasting serum triglycerides were significantly decreased after eplerenone treatment. The serum potassium level showed no significant change during treatment. There were no significant correlations between plasma renin activity or plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) before eplerenone treatment and blood pressure after eplerenone treatment, showing that the antihypertensive effect of eplerenone is not affected by the patient's renin profile or pretreatment PAC values. Eplerenone was also effective in hypertensive patients with metabolic syndrome. In conclusion, eplerenone, when coadministered with an ACE inhibitor or a long-acting CCB, caused an extremely beneficial antihypertensive effect in Japanese patients with essential hypertension, without few clinically important adverse events.
 ...
PMID:Clinical effects of eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, in Japanese patients with essential hypertension. 1986 6

Through its classic effects on sodium and potassium homeostasis, aldosterone, when produced in excess, is associated with the development of hypertension and hence with higher cardiovascular and renal risk. In recent years, experimental and epidemiologic data have suggested that aldosterone also may be linked to high cardiovascular risk independently of its effects on blood pressure. Thus, aldosterone has been associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome in selected populations, and these associations may further contribute to the higher cardiovascular risk of subjects with elevated aldosterone levels. Moreover, aldosterone has been reported to promote inflammation, oxidative stress, and fibrosis in a number of tissues. Clinical evidence indicates that patients with primary hyperaldosteronism have a higher risk of developing cardiovascular and renal complications than patients with essential hypertension who have the same level of blood pressure. Aldosterone receptor blockade has been shown to lower cardiovascular mortality after myocardial infarction and in patients with congestive heart failure. Some studies have also demonstrated that aldosterone blockade could have a favorable impact on the progression of renal disease. However, prospective interventional trials are needed to further evaluate the impact of blockade of aldosterone on cardiovascular risk.
 ...
PMID:Aldosterone and cardiovascular risk. 1989 57


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>