Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0948265 (metabolic syndrome)
 24,271 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Androgens exert effects on virtually all bodily tissues, and have a multitude of physiological roles in health. Testosterone, the predominant androgen in men, when deficient (hypogonadism), leads to a multiplicity of symptoms and signs that are corrected with physiological substitution. The impact of hypogonadism depends on the age at which it occurs. In any case, when testosterone replacement is initiated close monitoring for efficacy and safety is advised. The relation of ageing, the metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, obesity and survival with plasma testosterone has been closely examined in recent studies. However, the effect of testosterone replacement therapy on the above clinical states needs to be clarified in large long-term duration/outcome studies. Recent research has shed light on possible molecular testosterone targets. Based on those research outcomes, drugs targeting the androgen receptor, which spare androgenic effects and preserve anabolic tissue effects, called selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMS), are under clinical trials. The role of testosterone in regulating erectile function has been studied in animal models and critical tissue testosterone targets have been elucidated.
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PMID:Testosterone therapy in men. 1946 76

Testosterone determination in an old men population has demonstrated its about the as general health marker, not only sexual, prompting a greater in to arrest for this analytic determination and the potential relations of testosterone with other markers of cardiovascular health, obesity, hypertension, erectile dysfunction, sarcopenia, metabolic syndrome, ageing, and other conditions. We specifically review the relationship between cardiovascular health, erectile dysfunction, and androgen deficiency, processes easily recognizable, prevented and treated. Current information gives such a prominence to testosterone as a health reference that its determination seems to be inexcusable in the ageing male consult.
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PMID:[Testosterone, endothelial function, cardiovascular health and androgen deficiency in the old man]. 1954 88

Changing lifestyles and an excess of food supply in developed countries have resulted in an increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity. As a consequence, a disorder of complex pathophysiology involving visceral adipose tissue as an endocrine organ, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance and hypertension has emerged-the so-called metabolic syndrome. This disorder can lead to the manifestation of type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. In men, testosterone deficiency may contribute to the development of the metabolic syndrome. In turn, states of hyperinsulinemia and obesity lead to a reduction of testicular testosterone production. Testosterone has reciprocal effects on the generation of muscle and visceral adipose tissue by influencing the commitment of pluripotent stem cells and by inhibiting the development of preadipocytes. Insulin sensitivity of muscle cells is increased by augmenting mitochondrial capacity and fostering expression of oxidative phosphorylation genes. Testosterone has a protective effect on pancreatic beta cells, which is possibly exerted by androgen-receptor-mediated mechanisms and influence of inflammatory cytokines. As some, but not all, epidemiological and interventional studies indicate, testosterone substitution might be helpful in preventing or attenuating the metabolic syndrome in aging men with late-onset hypogonadism and in hypogonadal patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, but larger controlled trials are needed to confirm such hypotheses.
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PMID:Testosterone deficiency, insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome. 1985 74

Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a clinical disorder that results from a continuous spectrum of clinical factors, including physical illness (comprising the organic component of ED), reaction to stress (the intrapsychic component of ED) and relationship difficulties (the relationship component of ED). Testosterone clearly has a relevant role in all three causes of ED; the usefulness of this hormone in the treatment of ED has not, however, been completely clarified. The main physiological action of testosterone in the male sexual response is to regulate the timing of the erectile process as a function of sexual desire, thereby coordinating penile erection with sex. The link between ED, hypogonadism and underlying disorders (such as metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus) is nowadays well documented. The recognition of underlying disorders might be useful in motivating men with ED to improve their health-related lifestyle choices. Hence, patients with ED might be considered 'lucky', because their disorder offers the opportunity to undergo medical examinations to detect underlying disease. Both ED and hypogonadism are treatable conditions. A range of testosterone preparations are available for supplementation; their combination with phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors might improve outcomes in some cases.
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PMID:The role of testosterone in erectile dysfunction. 1999 70

Metabolic syndrome is characterized by central obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and insulin resistance. Each lifestyle disease and also metabolic syndrome are closely associated with decreased serum testosterone. In general, it is believed that testosterone is inversely related to adiponectine level, which is thought to be a key molecule in the etiology of metabolic syndrome. However, no inverse correlation exists between them in patients with LOH. Testosterone replacement treatment is expected to be one of treatments for metabolic syndrome.
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PMID:[Bone and Men's Health. Testosterone and lifestyle disease]. 2011 14

The aging results in declining in serum concentrations of testosterone in men and some of them will develop signs and symptoms of testosterone deficiency syndrome (TDS) with its clinical and metabolic consequences. TDS, which is observed in about 6-12% men over 45 years old, reduces quality of life and may pose important risk factors for sexual disorders, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome, diabetes type 2 and osteoporosis. Testosterone replacement therapy is acceptably safe provided established guidelines are adhered to. Testosterone supplementation restores metabolic parameters to the eugonadal state, increases muscle mass and strength, improves bone mineral density and psychological function (cognition and mood), libido and sexual functioning; and enhances quality of life. The most commonly used therapy of TDS are injectable intramuscular testosterone esters and testosterone gels.
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PMID:[Testosterone deficiency in elderly men]. 2012 Jul 21

It is well-established that total testosterone (TT) in men decreases with age and that bioavailable testosterone (bio-T) falls to an even greater extent. The clinical relevance of declining androgens in the aging male and use of testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) in this situation is controversial. Most studies have been short term and there are no large randomized placebo-controlled trials. Testosterone has many physiological actions in: muscles, bones, hematopoietic system, brain, reproductive and sexual organs, adipose tissue. Within these areas it stimulates: muscle growth and maintenance, bone development while inhibiting bone resorption, the production of red blood cells to increase hemoglobin, libido, enhanced mood and cognition, erectile function and lipolysis. Anabolic deficits in aging men can induce: frailty, sarcopenia, poor muscle quality, muscle weakness, hypertrophy of adipose tissue and impaired neurotransmission. The aging male with reduced testosterone availability may present with a wide variety of symptoms which in addition to frailty and weakness include: fatigue, decreased energy, decreased motivation, cognitive impairment, decreased self-confidence, depression, irritability, osteoporotic pain and the lethargy of anemia. In addition, testosterone deficiency is also associated with type-2 diabetes, the metabolic syndrome, coronary artery disease, stroke and transient ischemic attacks, and cardiovascular disease in general. Furthermore, there are early studies to suggest that TRT in men with low testosterone levels may improve metabolic status by: lowering blood sugar and HbA1C in men with type-2 diabetes, reducing abdominal girth, ameliorating features of the metabolic syndrome, all of which may be protective of the cardiovascular system. The major safety issue is prostate cancer but there is no evidence that supports the idea that testosterone causes the development of a de novo cancer. So on balance in a man with symptoms of hygonadism and low or lowish levels of testosterone with no evidence of prostate cancer such as a normal PSA a therapeutic (4-6 months) trial of TRT is justified. Treatment and monitoring of this duration will determine whether the patient is responsive.
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PMID:Testosterone and the aging male: to treat or not to treat? 2015 46

Male gender is a major risk factor for premature cardiovascular death, a relationship not yet explained. Low testosterone in men is a risk factor for the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes and is associated independently with individual components of the metabolic syndrome--visceral obesity, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, hypertension and dyslipidemia. Epidemiological studies report increased mortality in men with low testosterone. Testosterone replacement in the short-term reduces waist circumference, cholesterol and circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines and improves insulin sensitivity and glycemic control in diabetics. Testosterone also has beneficial effects on cardiac ischemia, angina and chronic heart failure. This manuscript reviews the current evidence supporting a link between low testosterone and cardiovascular disease, highlighting the need for larger, longer-term studies.
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PMID:Testosterone deficiency: a risk factor for cardiovascular disease? 2038 74

There is a high prevalence of hypogonadism in the older adult male population and the proportion of older men in the population is projected to rise in the future. As hypogonadism increases with age and is significantly associated with various comorbidities such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, osteoporosis and metabolic syndrome, the physician is increasingly likely to have to treat hypogonadism in the clinic. The main symptoms of hypogonadism are reduced libido/erectile dysfunction, reduced muscle mass and strength, increased adiposity, osteoporosis/low bone mass, depressed mood and fatigue. Diagnosis of the condition requires the presence of low serum testosterone levels and the presence of hypogonadal symptoms. There are a number of formulations available for testosterone therapy including intramuscular injections, transdermal patches, transdermal gels, buccal patches and subcutaneous pellets. These are efficacious in establishing eugonadal testosterone levels in the blood and relieving symptoms. Restoration of testosterone levels to the normal range improves libido, sexual function, and mood; reduces fat body mass; increases lean body mass; and improves bone mineral density. Testosterone treatment is contraindicated in subjects with prostate cancer or benign prostate hyperplasia and risks of treatment are perceived to be high by many physicians. These risks, however, are often exaggerated and should not outweigh the benefits of testosterone treatment.
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PMID:A practical guide to male hypogonadism in the primary care setting. 2051 42

Obesity has become a major health problem. Testosterone plays a significant role in obesity, glucose homeostasis, and lipid metabolism. The metabolic syndrome is a clustering of risk factors predisposing to diabetes mellitus type 2, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The main components of the syndrome are visceral obesity, insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, raised blood pressure and dyslipidemia (elevated triglycerides, low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol), and a proinflammatory and thrombogenic state. Cross-sectional epidemiological studies have reported a direct correlation between plasma testosterone and insulin sensitivity, and low testosterone levels are associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus, dramatically illustrated by androgen deprivation in men with prostate carcinoma. Lower total testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) predict a higher incidence of the metabolic syndrome. Administration of testosterone to hypogonadal men reverses part of the unfavorable risk profile for the development of diabetes and atherosclerosis.
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PMID:The role of testosterone in the etiology and treatment of obesity, the metabolic syndrome, and diabetes mellitus type 2. 2084 93


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