Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0948265 (metabolic syndrome)
 24,271 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This study assessed cardiovascular disease risk factors in three groups of human subjects aged 20-34 [young, 20 male (M)/33 female (F)], 60-74 (aged, 29M/29F), and > 90 years (nonagenarian, 47M/50F). Components of the metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, and markers of inflammation and oxidative stress were assessed. Nonagenarians weighed less than the two other groups (P < 0.001); however, there was no difference in percent fat among the three groups. Aged individuals had the highest prevalence of the metabolic syndrome (P < 0.001) according to the Adult Treatment Panel III classification. Both fibrinogen and homocysteine concentrations were significantly higher in the nonagenarians compared to younger groups. However, there were no significant differences between groups in fasting insulin, high sensitive C-reactive protein, and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 concentrations. There were also no relationships between inflammation/ oxidative stress and the metabolic syndrome or cardiovascular disease although nonagenarians appear to be protected from oxidative damage to DNA.
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PMID:Metabolic syndrome and risk factors for cardiovascular disease: are nonagenarians protected? 1923 70

Recent years have witnessed the discovery that amino acids (AA) are not only cell signaling molecules but are also regulators of gene expression and the protein phosphorylation cascade. Additionally, AA are key precursors for syntheses of hormones and low-molecular weight nitrogenous substances with each having enormous biological importance. Physiological concentrations of AA and their metabolites (e.g., nitric oxide, polyamines, glutathione, taurine, thyroid hormones, and serotonin) are required for the functions. However, elevated levels of AA and their products (e.g., ammonia, homocysteine, and asymmetric dimethylarginine) are pathogenic factors for neurological disorders, oxidative stress, and cardiovascular disease. Thus, an optimal balance among AA in the diet and circulation is crucial for whole body homeostasis. There is growing recognition that besides their role as building blocks of proteins and polypeptides, some AA regulate key metabolic pathways that are necessary for maintenance, growth, reproduction, and immunity. They are called functional AA, which include arginine, cysteine, glutamine, leucine, proline, and tryptophan. Dietary supplementation with one or a mixture of these AA may be beneficial for (1) ameliorating health problems at various stages of the life cycle (e.g., fetal growth restriction, neonatal morbidity and mortality, weaning-associated intestinal dysfunction and wasting syndrome, obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, the metabolic syndrome, and infertility); (2) optimizing efficiency of metabolic transformations to enhance muscle growth, milk production, egg and meat quality and athletic performance, while preventing excess fat deposition and reducing adiposity. Thus, AA have important functions in both nutrition and health.
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PMID:Amino acids: metabolism, functions, and nutrition. 1930 Oct 95

An association between hyperlipidemia and hyperhomocysteinemia (HHCY) has been suggested. This link is clinically important in management of vascular risk factors especially in elderly people and patients with metabolic syndrome. Higher plasma homocysteine (Hcy) was associated with lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol level. Moreover, HHCY was associated with disturbed plasma lipids or fatty liver. It seems that hypomethylation associated with HHCY is responsible for lipid accumulation in tissues. Decreased methyl group will decrease the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine, a major phospholipid required for very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) assembly and homeostasis. The effect of Hcy on HDL-cholesterol is probably related to inhibiting enzymes or molecules participating in HDL-particle assembly.
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PMID:Homocysteine and lipids: S-adenosyl methionine as a key intermediate. 1932 42

Patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTSs) have a considerably higher prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) than the general population in old age. Many hypotheses have been created to explain traditional clinical risk factors of CVD, including age, male gender, cigarette smoking, inheritance, high blood pressure (BP), obesity, elevated fasting plasma glucose, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, decreased physical activity and metabolic syndrome; or nontraditional risk factors such as oxidative stress, inflammation, vascular calcification, malnutrition, homocysteine and genetic variation. Although these risk factors are important in CVD pathophysiology and clinical presentation, there is still no single theory sufficient to provide an adequate explanation for all the properties of CVD. We speculate that by causing nocturia-induced sleep disturbances, BP variability, increased sympathetic activity, non-dipping BP variations; BPH may be an insidious risk factor for CVD. Benign prostate hyperplasia may be related to increased BP, coronary ischemic hearth disease or other cardiovascular pathologic conditions. This attention on BPH may produce a new approach to the diagnosis and treatment of CVD. Although the underlying mechanisms are still exactly unclear, further prospective randomized controlled studies are needed to identify if patients with BPH/LUTS is higher risk for CVD.
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PMID:An insidious risk factor for cardiovascular disease: benign prostatic hyperplasia. 1935 54

Antioxidant intake may be linked to a reduction of the chronic low-grade inflammatory state related to obesity and several accompanying disorders such as insulin resistance, cardiovascular diseases, and metabolic syndrome. So, the aim of this study was to evaluate the potential associations between nail trace elements and several indicators in healthy young adults, emphasizing on the putative effect of antioxidant trace element intake on inflammation-related marker concentrations. This study enrolled 149 healthy young adults, whose anthropometrical and blood pressure values as well as lifestyle features were analyzed. Fasting blood samples were collected for the biochemical and inflammation-related measurements (C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-18, and homocysteine). Nail samples were collected for the analysis of selenium, zinc, and copper concentrations. Our results showed that nail selenium was negatively associated with IL-18; nail zinc concentrations were inversely related to circulating IL-6, IL-18, and TNF-alpha, whereas nail copper (Cu) and Cu/selenium values were negatively correlated with homocysteine levels and the Cu/zinc ratio was unaffected. In conclusion, nail content on some trace elements related to antioxidant defense mechanisms seems to be associated with several inflammation-related markers linked to chronic diseases in apparently healthy young adults, which is of interest to understand the role of antioxidant intake.
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PMID:Nail antioxidant trace elements are inversely associated with inflammatory markers in healthy young adults. 1958 78

Recent studies suggest that serum cystatin C level is not only a sensitive marker for renal dysfunction but also a predictive marker for cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, the mechanism of this connection is not fully understood. We aimed to determine whether insulin resistance or various biomarkers of cardiovascular risk have a role in the link between cystatin C and CVD in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Anthropometric measurements and biochemical studies including inflammatory biomarkers were performed in 478 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The degree of insulin resistance was assessed by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR) and indicators of metabolic syndrome. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was derived from the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease study equation. After adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, and eGFR, the cystatin C level increased significantly in proportion to the number of metabolic syndrome components present (1.08 +/- 0.06, 1.19 +/- 0.04, 1.20 +/- 0.04, 1.23 +/- 0.04, and 1.37 +/- 0.06 mg/L; P < .0001); and HOMA-IR increased significantly in proportion to cystatin C quartiles (1.16 +/- 0.15, 1.40 +/- 0.13, 1.49 +/- 0.13, and 2.00 +/- 0.17; P < .0001) (means +/- SE). Albumin-creatinine ratio, fibrinogen, uric acid, homocysteine, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and lipoprotein(a) all showed significant correlations with cystatin C that were generally higher than those with eGFR. Cystatin C level was independently associated with HOMA-IR (beta = 0.0380, P = .0082), albumin-creatinine ratio (beta = 0.0004, P < .0001), uric acid (beta = 0.0666, P < .0001), and homocysteine (beta = 0.0087, P = .0004). In conclusion, cystatin C level was significantly associated with insulin resistance and biomarkers reflecting inflammation independent of renal function. These components may have a role in addition to that of eGFR in explaining the link between cystatin C and CVD in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.
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PMID:Insulin resistance and inflammation may have an additional role in the link between cystatin C and cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. 1976 73

Intracranial stenosis is a common etiology for ischemic stroke. Due to limitations of imaging studies, there are limited data on the prevalence of symptomatic and asymptomatic intracranial stenosis. Intracranial stenosis is more prevalent in Asian, Hispanic, and African-American populations. The reported proportion of patients with symptomatic intracranial stenosis among those hospitalized for ischemic cerebral events varies from 1% in non-Hispanic whites to as high as 50% in Asian populations. In population-based studies, the estimated prevalence of symptomatic intracranial disease varies from 1 in 100,000 for whites to 15 in 100,000 in African Americans. A Chinese population-based study reported intracranial stenosis in 7% of the population aged more than 40 years. Autopsy studies have noted intracranial atherosclerotic disease in about 23% of population in the 6th decade and 80% of population in the 9th decade of life. Angiotensin-converting enzyme polymorphisms, plasma endostatin/vascular endothelial growth factor ratio, glutathione S-transferase omega-1 gene polymorphism, and plasma homocysteine levels are non-modifiable risk factors noted to be associated with intracranial stenosis. Hypertension and serum lipid profile are major modifiable risk factors, whereas sickle cell disease is an uncommon risk factor that can be managed to reduce risk. Associations of intracranial atherosclerosis with diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, Alzheimer's disease, aortic plaques, radiotherapy, and meningitis are less well documented.
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PMID:Epidemiology of intracranial stenosis. 1980 51

The adipose tissue hormone leptin and homocysteine (Hcy)-thiolactone are linked to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis through their interactions with the anti-atherogenic enzyme paraoxonase 1 that has the ability to hydrolyze Hcy-thiolactone and minimizes protein N-homocysteinylation. Here we examined the relationships between hyperleptinemia, Hcy-thiolactonase, and protein N-homocysteinylation in rats. Hyperleptinemia was induced in adult rats by administration of leptin for 7 days (0.25 mg/kg twice daily s.c). We found that serum Hcy-thiolactonase was lower in hyperleptinemic than in control animals (-41.0%, P<0.001). Leptin administration increased the level of N-linked Hcy in plasma proteins (+92.9%, P<0.01), but had no effect on plasma total Hcy. These effects were not reproduced by pair-feeding. We also found that the synthetic liver X receptor (LXR) agonist, T0901317 (1 mg/kg per day) normalized Hcy-thiolactonase and protein N-homocysteinylation levels in leptin-treated rats. However, leptin-induced increase in plasma isoprostane levels (a marker of oxidative stress) was not normalized by T0901317. The NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin prevented leptin-induced increase in isoprostane levels but did not normalize Hcy-thiolactonase and protein N-homocysteinylation levels. These results suggest that the decreased capacity to metabolize Hcy-thiolactone and concomitant increase in protein N-homocysteinylation contribute to pro-atherogenic effect of chronic hyperleptinemia, independently of oxidative stress. LXR agonists normalize Hcy-thiolactonase levels and decrease protein N-homocysteinylation, especially under conditions associated with excess leptin such as metabolic syndrome.
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PMID:Modulation of paraoxonase 1 and protein N-homocysteinylation by leptin and the synthetic liver X receptor agonist T0901317 in the rat. 1988 91

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder associated with multiple comorbidities such as diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and metabolic syndrome, all of which predispose women with PCOS to early atherosclerosis. Women with PCOS also have a higher prevalence of subclinical atherosclerosis, as reflected in dysregulation of endothelial function, increased carotid intimal-medial thickness, and presence of coronary artery calcification. Preliminary data indicate that serum biomarkers of cardiovascular disease such as high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, homocysteine, and adiponectin are abnormal in women with PCOS. There is limited data on abnormalities in the coagulation and fibrinolytic systems, however. The risk of venous thrombosis is unclear in the PCOS population, and further studies are urgently required to address whether first-line treatment for PCOS with oral contraceptive pills is advisable.
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PMID:Polycystic ovarian syndrome and the risk of cardiovascular disease and thrombosis. 2001 28

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) shares some or most components of metabolic cardiovascular syndrome, manifested by abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia and atherosclerosis. It has been previously demonstrated that folate and vitamin B(12) treatment improved insulin resistance in patients with metabolic syndrome. This study first investigated whether PCOS patients have lower or higher vitamin B(12), folate and homocysteine concentrations when compared with healthy, age and body mass index matched controls, and, then examined associations between vitamin B(12), folate, homocysteine and insulin resistance and obesity in PCOS patients. Homocysteine concentrations and homeostasis model assessment index were higher, whereas concentrations of vitamin B(12) were lower in PCOS patients with insulin resistance compared with those without insulin resistance. Serum vitamin B(12) concentrations were significantly lower in obese PCOS women in comparison with obese control women (P < 0.05). Fasting insulin, insulin resistance and homocysteine are independent determinants of serum vitamin B(12) concentrations in PCOS patients. Insulin resistance, obesity, and elevated homocysteine were associated with lower serum vitamin B(12) concentrations in PCOS patients.
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PMID:Obesity and insulin resistance associated with lower plasma vitamin B12 in PCOS. 2002 21


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