Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0948265 (metabolic syndrome)
 24,271 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a condition that involves the excess production of androgens. It affects up to 10% of all American women and can lead to the development of acne, hirsutism, and infertility. It has also been associated with coronary heart disease, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. Over half of the women who are diagnosed with PCOS are overweight or obese. Recommendations are made for overweight/obese women to lose weight via diet and exercise. Women with PCOS should also consider maintaining a diet that is patterned after the type 2 diabetes diet. This diet includes an increase in fiber and a decrease in refined carbohydrates, as well as a decrease in trans and saturated fats and an increase in omega-3 and omega-9 fatty acids. Foods that contain anti-inflammatory compounds (fiber, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin E, and red wine) should also be emphasized. Evidence is provided for the impact of these dietary changes on improvements in the androgen profile of PCOS patients.
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PMID:Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and other androgen excess-related conditions: can changes in dietary intake make a difference? 1820 65

Objective was to assess dietary intake and physical activity in a Canadian population sample of male patients with HIV and metabolic abnormalities and to compare the data to Canadian recommendations. Sixty-five HIV-infected men with at least one feature associated with the metabolic syndrome (insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, central obesity, or lipodystrophy) were enrolled. Results from 7-day food records and activity logs were compared to the Dietary Reference Intakes and recommendations of Canada's Physical Activity Guide, respectively. Anthropometric data were also measured. Fifty-two percent of the subjects were overweight, another 15% were obese. However, energy intake (mean+/-SEM) (2153+/-99 kcal/d) was lower than the estimated requirement (2854+/-62 kcal/d; p<0.0001), and 84.5% of the patients reached the recommended minimum of 60 min of mild or 30 min of moderate daily exercise. Intake was adequate for protein, but high for fat and cholesterol in 40% of patients. No patient reached the recommendation for fiber. Intake from diet alone was suboptimal for most micronutrients. Prevalence was highest for low vitamin E (91% of patients) and magnesium (68%) intake, and high sodium intake (72%). In summary, a large proportion of HIV patients with metabolic abnormalities were overweight or obese. However, this was not associated with high energy intake, or reduced physical activity. High fat, low fiber and inadequate micronutrient intakes were prevalent.
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PMID:Dietary intake and physical activity in a Canadian population sample of male patients with HIV infection and metabolic abnormalities. 1828 80

The hypotheses were: HISS-dependent insulin resistance (HDIR) accounts for insulin resistance that occurs with aging; HDIR is the initiating metabolic defect that leads progressively to type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome; a synergistic antioxidant cocktail in chow confers protection against HDIR, subsequent symptoms of diabetes, and the metabolic syndrome. Male Sprague Dawley rats were tested at 9, 26, and 52 weeks to determine their dynamic response to insulin, the HISS (hepatic insulin sensitizing substance)-dependent component of insulin action, and the HISS-independent (direct) insulin action using a dynamic insulin sensitivity test. In young rats, the HISS component accounted for 52.3+/-2.1% of the response to a bolus of insulin (50mU/kg) which decreased to 29.8+/-3.4% at 6 months and 17.0+/-2.7% at 12 months. HISS action correlated negatively with whole body adiposity and all regional fat depots (r(2) = 0.67-0.87). The antioxidants (vitamin C, vitamin E, and S-adenosylmethionine) conferred protection of HISS action, fat mass at all sites, blood pressure, postprandial insulin and glucose. Data are consistent with the hypotheses. Early detection and therapy directed towards treatment of HDIR offers a novel therapeutic target.
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PMID:HISS-dependent insulin resistance (HDIR) in aged rats is associated with adiposity, progresses to syndrome X, and is attenuated by a unique antioxidant cocktail. 1853 70

The aim of the present study is to evaluate the extent of DNA damage in diabetes and metabolic syndrome and to assess the variations after supplementation with antioxidants. We used comet assay to measure DNA damage in freshly isolated lymphocytes from a total of 12 rabbits, distributed into four experimental groups (n = 3 rabbits per group): non-diabetic (control, G1), diabetic (G2), diabetic supplemented with vitamin C (G3), and diabetic supplemented with vitamin E (G4). Also their serum was isolated for estimation of parameters that contribute to metabolic syndrome. Malondialdehyde (MDA), the marker of oxidative stress was also assessed. Mean values of DNA damage (tail length, expressed as mum), lipid peroxidation and concentration of blood glucose, MDA, C-reactive protein, and triglycerides were higher in G2; whereas the mean values of concentration of high-density lipoprotein, serum paraoxonase-1 activity and small dense low-density lipoprotein oxidation time were reduced in G2 followed by G3, G4, and G1. A significant positive correlation was observed between the DNA damage and elevated parameters of metabolic syndrome (r = 0.66, 0.96, 0.89, 0.75, 0.88, 0.92, 0.99, P < 0.05) and a significant negative correlation (r = -0.91, -0.75, -0.98, P < 0.05) was found between the DNA damage and declined parameters of metabolic syndrome. These data indicate that the extent of DNA damage is more in diabetic rabbits as compared to the non-diabetic or antioxidant supplemented group. Abnormal metabolic parameters and their correlation with DNA damage, suggest the risk of development of metabolic syndrome in diabetic group but a possibility of repression by antioxidants because of their ability to counteract oxidative stress.
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PMID:Evaluation of DNA damage and metabolic syndrome parameters in diabetic rabbits supplemented with antioxidants. 1964 14

A food can be regarded as 'functional' if it can demonstrate a beneficial efficacy on one or more target functions in the body in a convincing way. Beyond adequate nutritional qualities, functional foods should either improve the state of health and wellbeing and/or reduce the risk of disease. Functional foods that are marketed with claims of heart disease reduction focus primarily on the major risk factors, i.e. cholesterol, diabetes and hypertension. Some of the most innovative products are designed to be enriched with 'protective' ingredients, believed to reduce risk. They may contain, for example, soluble fibre (from oat and psyllium), useful both for lowering cholesterol and blood pressure, or fructans, effective in diabetes. Phytosterols and stanols lower LDL-cholesterol in a dose-dependent manner. Soya protein is more hypocholesterolaemic in subjects with very high initial cholesterol and recent data indicate also favourable activities in the metabolic syndrome. n-3 Fatty acids appear to exert significant hypotriacylglycerolaemic effects, possibly partly responsible for their preventive activity. Dark chocolate is gaining much attention for its multifunctional activities, useful both for the prevention of dyslipidaemia as well as hypertension. Finally, consensus opinions about tea and coffee have not emerged yet, and the benefits of vitamin E, garlic, fenugreek and policosanols in the management of dyslipidaemia and prevention of arterial disease are still controversial.
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PMID:Functional foods for dyslipidaemia and cardiovascular risk prevention. 2000 90

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) comprises a disease spectrum ranging from simple steatosis and steatohepatitis to cirrhosis. Based on its strongest risk factors namely visceral obesity and insulin resistance, NAFLD is thought to be the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome and is considered to be the most common liver disorder in Western countries. Pathophysiological mechanisms include an enlarged pool of fatty acids, subclinical inflammation, oxidative stress and imbalances of various adipocytokines such as adiponectin. Accordingly, targets for therapeutic interventions are miscellaneous: amelioration of obesity by pharmacological, surgical or lifestyle intervention has been evaluated with success in numerous, but not all studies. Some efficacy was reported for metformin and short-term glitazone treatment. In a large recently reported trial, vitamin E supplementation improved biochemical and histological markers in subjects with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Blockade of the endocannabinoid system has been proposed to be a promising target in NAFLD; however, very recently the cannabinoid receptor blocker rimonabant has been withdrawn because of central nervous system toxicity. Cytoprotective therapies and statins have been mainly ineffective in NAFLD. New but so far insufficiently studied therapeutic approaches include inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system as well as incretin mimetics respectively.
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PMID:Pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. 2131 76

An abnormal production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the subsequent decrease in vascular bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO) have long been proposed to be the common pathogenetic mechanism of the endothelial dysfunction, resulting from diverse cardiovascular risk factors such as hypercholesterolaemia, diabetes mellitus, chronic smoking, metabolic syndrome, and hypertension. Superoxide produced by the nicotinamide dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase, mitochondrial sources, or the xanthine oxidase may react with NO, thereby resulting in excessive formation of peroxynitrite, a reactive nitrogen species that has been demonstrated to accelerate the atherosclerotic process by causing direct structural damage and by causing further ROS production. Despite this sound biological rationale and a number of pre-clinical and clinical lines of evidence, studies testing the effects of classical antioxidants such as vitamin C, vitamin E, or folic acid in combination with vitamin E have been disappointing. Rather, substances such as statins, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, or AT1-receptor blockers, which possess indirect antioxidant properties mediated by the stimulation of NO production and simultaneous inhibition of superoxide production (e.g. from the NADPH oxidase), have been shown to improve vascular function in pre-clinical and clinical studies and to reduce the incidence of cardiovascular events in patients with cardiovascular disease. Today, oxidative stress remains an attractive target for cardiovascular prevention and therapy. However, a deeper understanding of its source, and of its role in vascular pathology, is necessary before new trials are attempted.
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PMID:Is oxidative stress a therapeutic target in cardiovascular disease? 2097 1

The metabolic syndrome is a common complex entity that has emerged as a worldwide epidemic and major public health care concern with a prevalence of approximately 25% in the United States. There have been a number of different definitions of the metabolic syndrome but all center around the metabolic abnormalities of central obesity, hypertension, decreased high-density lipoproteins and elevated triglycerides with insulin resistance as the uniting physiologic factor. The importance of the metabolic syndrome is not just related to its high prevalence rate but also because it predicts the development of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is now recognized to be the hepatic component of the metabolic syndrome, which along with its individual components - particularly diabetes and elevated triglycerides, are the major risk factors for the development of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH); the most severe form of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. NASH may progress to cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and liver failure. It is currently the third most common cause for liver transplantation and is projected to be the leading cause for liver transplantation in 2020. Weight loss (via diet or bariatric surgery) and vitamin E have recently been demonstrated to be effective treatments of NASH. Although these and other agents may prove to be effective treatments for NASH, the most effective therapeutic strategy would be early screening and intervention to prevent the development of insulin resistance and oxidative stress at a societal level.
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PMID:Epidemiology of the metabolic syndrome in the USA. 2109 31

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is emerging as an important cause of liver disease in India. Epidemiological studies suggest prevalence of NAFLD in around 9% to 32% of general population in India with higher prevalence in those with overweight or obesity and those with diabetes or prediabetes. Clinicopathological studies show that NAFLD is an important cause of unexplained rise in hepatic transaminases, cryptogenic cirrhosis and cryptogenic hepatocellular carcinoma in Indian patients. There is high prevalence of insulin resistance and nearly half of Indian patients with NAFLD have evidence of full-blown metabolic syndrome. Though oxidative stress is involved in the pathogenesis of NAFLD/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, serum or liver iron and HFE gene mutations appear not to play a role in the pathogenesis of NAFLD in Indian patients. Imaging modalities are not useful in differentiating simple steatosis from NASH and liver biopsy may be useful in those with risk factors for significant liver disease. Pilot studies on treatment strategies have shown that weight reduction and exercise, ursodeoxycholic acid, metformin, vitamin E and pentoxyfylline are effective in normalizing transaminases and or in improving hepatic steatosis and inflammation in Indian patients with NAFLD. Randomized controlled treatment trials involving large number of patients with histological end point are required to assess the efficacy of different modalities. In conclusion, a lot has been done, yet more is required to understand various aspects of NAFLD in India.
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PMID:Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in India - a lot done, yet more required! 2119 81

Following the change of dietary structure and living style, metabolic syndrome (MetS) has become increasingly common in China, especially in women, who have abnormal plasma lipid profiles with increased levels of oxidative stress. Vitamin E (VitE) is a powerful chain-breaking antioxidant, which may be a protective factor against oxidative stress-related diseases. This study investigated the effects of three different dosages of tocopherol supplementation (100 IU /day, 200 IU /day, 300 IU /day) for 4 months in Chinese women with MetS. The plasma VitE concentrations increased significantly after the 4 months of supplementation (p < 0.01). The protective decreases in plasma total cholesterol were significant in 200 IU/day and 300 IU/day VitE groups (p < 0.05), but decreases in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were also significant in all the supplementation groups (p < 0.05). Plasma triglycerides were unaltered (p > 0.05). The indicators of oxidative stress decreased substantially in all of the VitE supplementation groups: malondialdehyde (MDA) was reduced by nearly 50 percent (all groups, p < 0.001), erythrocyte hemolysis was decreased by nearly 40 percent (all groups, p < 0.05); among which the 300IU/day VitE group showed the most significant effect. However, the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) decreased after the trial (p < 0.001). VitE provided marked benefits in reducing oxidative stress levels and improving lipid status in women with MetS. Although no dose-effect relationship was observed, 300 IU VitE per day showed the optimal effect. Research is needed to identify potential protective mechanisms or utilization of vitamin E during MetS.
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PMID:Effects of vitamin E on plasma lipid status and oxidative stress in Chinese women with metabolic syndrome. 2123 59


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