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Query: UMLS:C0948265 (metabolic syndrome)
 24,271 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Bile acids are increasingly recognized as key regulators of systemic metabolism. While bile acids have long been known to play important and direct roles in nutrient absorption, bile acids also serve as signalling molecules. Bile acid interactions with the nuclear hormone receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and the membrane receptor G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor 5 (TGR5) can regulate incretin hormone and fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) secretion, cholesterol metabolism, and systemic energy expenditure. Bile acid levels and distribution are altered in type 2 diabetes and increased following bariatric procedures, in parallel with reduced body weight and improved insulin sensitivity and glycaemic control. Thus, modulation of bile acid levels and signalling, using bile acid binding resins, TGR5 agonists, and FXR agonists, may serve as a potent therapeutic approach for the treatment of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and other components of the metabolic syndrome in humans.
Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2014 Aug
PMID:Bile acids, obesity, and the metabolic syndrome. 2519 76

Obesity and obesity-related disorders such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes exhibit an increased risk of developing various gastrointestinal cancers. These malignancies include mainly esophageal, gastric, colorectal, pancreatic and hepatocellular carcinoma. Whereas underlying pathomechanisms remain unclear, chronic inflammation accompanying obesity has evolved in the last years as a crucial contributing factor. Obesity is also commonly characterized by inflammation in the organ where those cancers appear. Various pathways might participate involving rather diverse components such as innate immunity, (adipo)-cytokines such as adiponectin or leptin, insulin, insulin-like growth factors, the gut's microbiota and others. An imbalance in these systems could substantially contribute to chronic inflammation and subsequent cancer development. Future studies have to elucidate in more detail underlying mechanisms in the development of obesity-related carcinogensis and potential therapeutic strategies besides weight loss.
Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2014 Aug
PMID:Mechanisms behind the link between obesity and gastrointestinal cancers. 2519 78

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is now recognized as the most common cause of chronic liver disease worldwide. Its prevalence has increased to more than 30% of adults in developed countries and its incidence is still rising. The majority of patients with NAFLD have simple steatosis but in up to one third of patients, NAFLD progresses to its more severe form nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). NASH is characterized by liver inflammation and injury thereby determining the risk to develop liver fibrosis and cancer. NAFLD is considered the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome. However, the liver is not only a passive target but affects the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome and its complications. Conversely, pathophysiological changes in other organs such as in the adipose tissue, the intestinal barrier or the immune system have been identified as triggers and promoters of NAFLD progression. This article details the pathogenesis of NAFLD along with the current state of its diagnosis and treatment.
Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2014 Aug
PMID:Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, obesity and the metabolic syndrome. 2519 81

Preconceptional care is a set of interventions, aimed to identify and modify medical, behavioral, and social risks to a woman's health and her pregnancy outcome, prior to conception. Diagnosing and treating some of the common noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) may have an impact on pregnancy outcome. Ample time should be allowed to properly intervene in some of the following situations: hypertension, diabetes, obesity, systemic lupus erythematosus, thyroid disease, anemia, epilepsy, asthma, and cardiac disease. Diabetes mellitus and obesity are common NCDs, with proven efficacy for preconceptional care, for both maternal and perinatal outcome. These primary components of the metabolic syndrome, if properly treated prior to pregnancy, will prevent long-term hazards for the mother, her children, and the next generations, by providing in utero primary prevention of NCDs.
Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2015 Jan
PMID:The preconceptional period as an opportunity for prediction and prevention of noncommunicable disease. 2519 47

Pregnancy in women with diabetes remains complicated despite improvements in glucose control. This seems mainly due to the fact that normoglycemia is still outside of reach. Congenital malformations are already significantly increased in the case of HbA1c values of 2-4SD above the mean, and fetal macrosomia is increasing in incidence. The latter may be due to an increase in maternal body mass index (BMI), absence of cardiovascular complications, better placentation, and increased weight gain during pregnancy. Severe maternal hypoglycemia is a frequent complication during the first trimester of pregnancy. The outcome is generally poorer in the case of type-2 diabetes as compared to type-1, which is likely to be due to a higher incidence of maternal metabolic syndrome. In this article, preconceptional and antenatal management and the mode and timing of delivery are discussed, both for women with preexisting diabetes and for those with gestational diabetes mellitus.
Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2015 Feb
PMID:Management of diabetes in pregnancy: antenatal follow-up and decisions concerning timing and mode of delivery. 2520 35

Despite numerous educational interventions and biomedical research efforts, modern society continues to suffer from obesity and its associated metabolic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, and these diseases show little sign of abating. One reason for this is an incomplete understanding of the pathology of the metabolic syndrome, which obstructs the development of effective therapeutic strategies. While hypothalamic neuropathy is a potential candidate that may contribute to the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome, the specific causes of hypothalamic neuropathy remain largely unknown. During different stages of high-calorie diet-induced metabolic syndrome, the hypothalamus undergoes gliosis and angiogenesis, both of which potentially reflect ongoing inflammatory processes. This overview discusses current data suggesting a role for hypothalamic inflammation-like processes in diet-induced metabolic diseases and provides a perspective on how to unravel molecular mechanisms of "hypothalamic inflammation" in order to develop anti-obesity therapeutic strategies.
Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014 Oct
PMID:The hypothalamic neural-glial network and the metabolic syndrome. 2525 62

Over the past few decades, obesity and its related metabolic disorders have increased at an epidemic rate in the developed and developing world. New signals and factors involved in the modulation of energy balance and metabolism are continuously being discovered, providing potential novel drug targets for the treatment of metabolic disease. A parallel strategy is to better understand how hormonal signals, with an already established role in energy metabolism, work, and how manipulation of the pathways involved may lead to amelioration of metabolic dysfunction. The thyroid hormones belong to the latter category, with dysregulation of the thyroid axis leading to marked alterations in energy balance. The potential of thyroid hormones in the treatment of obesity has been known for decades, but their therapeutic use has been hampered because of side-effects. Data gleaned over the past few years, however, have uncovered new features at the mechanisms of action involved in thyroid hormones. Sophisticated neurobiological approaches have allowed the identification of specific energy sensors, such as AMP-activated protein kinase and mechanistic target of rapamycin, acting in specific groups of hypothalamic neurons, mediating many of the effects of thyroid hormones on food intake, energy expenditure, glucose, lipid metabolism, and cardiovascular function. More extensive knowledge about these molecular mechanisms will be of great relevance for the treatment of obesity and metabolic syndrome.
Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014 Oct
PMID:Hypothalamic effects of thyroid hormones on metabolism. 2525 65

Hepatocellular carcinoma is related to various etiologies including hepatitis B, hepatitis C, high alcohol intake, aflatoxin B1 and metabolic syndrome. Most of the time HCC developed on cirrhosis. Consequently, the mechanisms of carcinogenesis of these different risk factors are difficult to separate from the events leading to cirrhosis. In contrast, aflatoxin B1 and hepatitis B have a clear direct oncogenic role through point mutations in the TP53 tumour suppressor gene and insertional mutagenesis respectively. Finally, next-generation sequencing and transcriptome analysis will refine our knowledge of the relationship between aetiology and the genetic events that draw the mutational landscape of hepatocellular carcinoma.
Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2014 Oct
PMID:Pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma according to aetiology. 2526 Mar 19

The role of insulin resistance in human disease is implicated in the pathogenesis of some of the chief western chronic diseases: ischemic heart disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and essential hypertension. The occurrence of these diseases, alongside obesity, is termed the metabolic syndrome. Pregnancy is normally attended by progressive insulin resistance that begins near midpregnancy and progresses through the third trimester to levels that approximate the insulin resistance seen in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia may be the basic common ground for the metabolic syndrome of pregnancy - elevated blood pressure and diabetes mellitus. Moreover, the metabolic syndrome is also associated with endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and attenuated inflammatory responses. In this review, we discuss the development of insulin resistance during pregnancy, hormones and newly discovered factors associated with insulin resistance and secretion, lipid metabolism, and the pathogenesis of hypertension during pregnancy.
Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2015 Apr
PMID:Metabolic disorder of pregnancy (understanding pathophysiology of diabetes and preeclampsia). 2548 58

Metabolic syndrome is a compilation of symptoms including central obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. Initially used to predict cardiovascular disease, it is now clear that the molecular and physiologic abnormalities seen in metabolic syndrome extend well beyond the cardiovascular system. Growing evidence has linked metabolic syndrome and its individual symptoms to the increasing prevalence of male infertility. This manuscript reviews the recent evidence connecting metabolic syndrome to male infertility as well as the underlying pathophysiology. Currently, there are limited prospective studies examining the effects of treating metabolic syndrome on male reproduction and these relationships will need to be a focus of further investigation.
Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2015 May
PMID:Metabolic syndrome and infertility in men. 2548 58


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