Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0948265 (metabolic syndrome)
 24,271 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Central adiposity plays an important role in the insulin resistance of the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) through the dysregulated production of various adipokines. Polycystic ovary syndrome has also been described as a low-grade inflammation state characterized by elevated levels of C-reactive protein (CRP). Furthermore, CRP is a strong independent predictor of the metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. Recently, the adiponectin-to-leptin (A/L) ratio has been proposed as a potential atherogenic index in obese type 2 diabetic patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential role of the A/L ratio in the metabolic and proinflammatory phenotype of PCOS. We studied 74 Greek women with PCOS (38 normal-weight and 36 overweight-obese women). The A/L ratio was negatively correlated with BMI (r = -0.79 P < .001), homeostasis model assessment (r = -0.642, P < .001), triglycerides (r = -0.67, P < .001), and total cholesterol (r = -0.38, P < .01), and positively correlated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (r = 0.38, P < .01) and sex hormone-binding globulin (r = 0.39, P = .001). After controlling for BMI, the A/L ratio was independently associated with insulin resistance indexes and triglycerides. Furthermore, the A/L ratio was negatively correlated with CRP (r = -0.746, P < .0001). Multiple regression analysis revealed that BMI and the A/L ratio were the only independent significant determinants of CRP (beta = .436, P = .003 and beta = -.398, P = .007, respectively). Studying normal-weight and overweight-obese women separately, we found an independent association between the A/L ratio and CRP in both groups (beta = -.460, P = .009 in normal-weight women and beta = -.570, P = .001 in overweight-obese women). In conclusion, the A/L ratio may serve as a biomarker of both insulin resistance and low-grade inflammation, providing the link between these cardiovascular risk factors in women with PCOS.
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PMID:The adiponectin-to-leptin ratio in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: relation to insulin resistance and proinflammatory markers. 1751 8

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is characterized by insulin resistance and consequent hyperinsulinemia. Insulin resistance also plays an important role in the metabolic syndrome (MS). We conducted a cross-sectional study to determine the prevalence of the MS in young Korean women with PCOS and whether it is associated insulin resistance. One hundred and seventeen young women with PCOS (age: 26+/-5, 16-39 years) were evaluated for the frequency of MS according to the modified Adult Treatment Panel III. Total testosterone (T), free T, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) were measured, and insulin sensitivity was evaluated by euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp technique. The prevalence of MS in women with PCOS was 14.5%, nearly 3.5-fold higher than in age-matched women in Korean urban population (4.3%) [J.-Y. Oh, Y.-A. Sung, Y.S. Hong, E. Barrett-Conner, Prevalence and factor analysis of metabolic syndrome in an urban Korean population, Diabetes Care 27 (2004) 2027-2032]. The most frequently occurring component of MS was low HDL cholesterol (45%), and the least frequent was high fasting serum glucose level (0.9%). PCOS women with MS had significantly higher free T, and lower SHBG compared with those without MS. And women with MS showed significantly lower M-value and higher fasting/post-glucose load insulin levels. M-value was still significantly lower in women with MS even after the adjustment for BMI. MS is frequent in young Korean women with PCOS and it reflects more severe insulin resistance. These results suggest the importance of early and regular screening of metabolic disturbance in even young women with PCOS.
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PMID:The metabolic syndrome in young Korean women with polycystic ovary syndrome. 1761 Sep 84

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is commonly associated with insulin resistance, obesity, dyslipidemia and hypertension. Adiponectin, an adipocyte-specific protein with important roles in glucose and lipid homeostasis, possesses antidiabetic and insulin-sensitizing properties. Ghrelin, a protein ligand for the growth hormone secretagog receptor, has been shown to stimulate food intake and to influence energy balance, insulin signaling and glucose metabolism. We aimed to evaluate the relationships between metabolic alterations and adiponectin and ghrelin levels in lean PCOS women, compared with lean and obese women. The study was carried out on 20 non-obese PCOS women aged 20 - 48 years and age-matched groups of 45 healthy lean and 37 obese women. Hormonal and biochemical parameters, adiponectin and ghrelin concentrations and anthropometric data were determined. In PCOS subjects, we found increased homeostasis model assessment - insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) with non-significant differences in adiponectin and ghrelin concentrations compared with healthy women, although the PCOS group showed a tendency to lower adiponectin levels. However, ghrelin levels in PCOS women were significantly higher than in obese women. Moreover, we observed a negative correlation between adiponectin and testosterone, cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose and diastolic blood pressure in PCOS. In conclusion, it can be suggested that higher values of HOMA-IR with lower adiponectin levels may indicate future development of metabolic syndrome or other metabolic disturbances in lean PCOS women.
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PMID:The relationship between metabolic status and levels of adiponectin and ghrelin in lean women with polycystic ovary syndrome. 1761 56

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrinopathy that affects women of reproductive age. PCOS shares components with the metabolic syndrome and has broad health implications. Lipid abnormalities, including elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL), triglyceride levels and decreased high-density lipoprotein (HDL), are often found in women with PCOS. It is clear that obesity, insulin resistance and hyperandrogenism coexist in PCOS, and have independent and interactive effects on dyslipidemia, although the mechanisms of these interactions remain elusive. Here, we review the types and pathophysiology of dyslipidemia associated with PCOS and its related conditions.
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PMID:Pathophysiology and types of dyslipidemia in PCOS. 1769 30

There is growing evidence that obesity in women lead to a more severe form of hyperandrogenism and other endocrine abnormalities which may have some health implications later in life. Obese females are at higher risk for metabolic syndrome due to severe hyperandrogenemia. Calculated values for free testosterone are equivalent to those obtained by equilibrium dialysis, which is one of the reference measurement procedures (RMP) for estimation of free testosterone and may be capable of replacing values estimated using RMP's. For adult women correlations of body mass index (BMI) with calculated free (cFT) and bioavailable testosterone (cBT) are still rare, while these data are reported for peripubertal and adolescent girls. In this study we aimed to investigate the association between BMI and different androgen parameters (including calculated free and bioavailable testosterone, free androgen index, and sex hormone-binding globulin [SHBG]) in adult women with Hirsutism and with PCOS. In hirsute women with BMI > or = 25 kg/m2 measured total testosterone (TT) was significantly higher, SHBG was significantly lower and the calculated androgen parameter (FAI, cFT and cBT) were significantly higher compared to women with BMI < 25 kg/m2. In PCOS women with BMI > or = 25 kg/m2 TT was significantly higher, SHBG was significantly lower and the calculated androgen parameter (FAI, cFT and cBT) were also significantly higher compared to women with BMI < 25 kg/m2. In both the Hirsutism and PCOS-group there was a positive correlation between BMI and TT, cFT, and cBT, while BMI was negatively correlated with SHBG. In summary, in adult women with Hirsutism and PCOS obesity is associated with increased levels of TT and decreased levels of SHBG resulting in significant elevated calculated free and bioavailable testosterone levels. Obesity might lead to a more severe form of hyperandrogenism with elevated calculated free and bioavailable testosterone in the study population.
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PMID:Influence of body mass index on measured and calculated androgen parameters in adult women with Hirsutism and PCOS. 1770 84

Polycystic ovary syndrome is a heterogeneous endocrine disorder that affects about one in 15 women worldwide. The major endocrine disruption is excessive androgen secretion or activity, and a large proportion of women also have abnormal insulin activity. Many body systems are affected in polycystic ovary syndrome, resulting in several health complications, including menstrual dysfunction, infertility, hirsutism, acne, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. Women with this disorder have an established increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes and a still debated increased risk of cardiovascular disease. The diagnostic traits of polycystic ovary syndrome are hyperandrogenism, chronic anovulation, and polycystic ovaries, after exclusion of other conditions that cause these same features. A conclusive definition of the disorder and the importance of the three diagnostic criteria relative to each other remain controversial. The cause of polycystic ovary syndrome is unknown, but studies suggest a strong genetic component that is affected by gestational environment, lifestyle factors, or both.
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PMID:Polycystic ovary syndrome. 1772 20

Insulin resistance is a major contributor to macro- and microvascular complications, particularly in the presence of the metabolic syndrome, and is also associated with polycystic ovary syndrome. Impaired nitric oxide metabolism and endothelial function are important components of the vascular disease. Increasing the bioavailability of arginine, the precursor of nitric oxide, thus potentially offers protection against end-stage disease. We have recently demonstrated that dietary supplementation with a novel silicate inositol arginine complex reduces vasculopathy and glomerular sclerosis in the insulin-resistant JCR:LA-cp rat. The objective of this study was to address the absorption of, and the underlying metabolic alterations caused by, the arginine silicate inositol complex and arginine HCl (as a reference agent) in obese insulin-resistant male and female JCR:LA-cp rats. Male and female rats were treated with the preparations at 1.0 mg/(kg d) (expressed as arginine HCl) from 8 to 12 and 12 to 18 weeks of age, respectively. Obese female, but not male, rats treated with the arginine silicate inositol complex showed a reduced rate of weight gain without concomitant reduction in food intake. Plasma silicon levels were raised very significantly in arginine silicate-treated rats, consistent with significant absorption of the complex. In male rats, arginine levels were elevated by treatment with arginine silicate only; and female rats responded to both preparations. Plasma concentrations of oxides of nitrogen in rats treated with the silicate complex showed a dimorphism, decreasing in male and increasing in female rats. Fasting insulin levels were elevated in male rats treated with the arginine silicate complex, whereas fasting and postprandial insulin levels were decreased in female rats. Furthermore, female, but not male, rats treated with either of the arginine preparations showed significant reductions in cholesterol, triglyceride, and phospholipid concentrations. We conclude that the arginine silicate inositol complex is absorbed efficiently, raising plasma arginine levels, and is more biologically effective than the free amino acid hydrochloride. This has different beneficial metabolic effects in both sexes of an animal model of insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease, consistent with reduction in end-stage disease.
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PMID:Metabolic effects of a novel silicate inositol complex of the nitric oxide precursor arginine in the obese insulin-resistant JCR:LA-cp rat. 1788 39

The metabolic syndrome is estimated to be present in 47 million US residents with a similar age-adjusted prevalence in men (24%) and women (23%). The consideration of various metabolic risk factors as a single entity in the metabolic syndrome provides clinicians with a tool by which they can identify a population at increased risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus and increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality in women in the US. To reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, efforts have focused on modifying the metabolic risk factors that constitute the metabolic syndrome: abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, glucose intolerance, and hypertension. In addition, because of several circumstances specific to women, including pregnancy, polycystic ovary syndrome, oral contraceptive therapy use, and menopause, there are special considerations regarding risk factor identification, modification, and clinical management. This article provides a review of diagnostic and therapeutic issues that clinicians should consider when caring for women at risk for developing or diagnosed with the metabolic syndrome.
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PMID:The metabolic syndrome in women. 1789 88

The polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a mostly hyperandrogenic disorder and is possibly the most common endocrinopathy of premenopausal women. The primary defect in PCOS appears to be an exaggerated androgen synthesis and secretion by the ovaries and the adrenal glands. In a substantial proportion of PCOS patients, the primary defect in androgen secretion is triggered by factors such as the hyperinsulinism resulting from insulin resistance and/or the secretion of metabolically active substances by visceral adipose tissue, because these factors may facilitate androgen synthesis at the ovaries and the adrenals of predisposed women. The prevalence of obesity in PCOS patients is increased when compared to the general female population and, conversely, the prevalence of PCOS is increased in overweight and obese women when compared to their lean counterparts. Obesity exerts a major impact on the PCOS phenotype, particularly on the metabolic associations and complications of the syndrome. Among others, the presence obesity is clearly related to the infertility of PCOS, and increases the risk for the metabolic syndrome and its constellation of cardiovascular risk factors in these women. This review will summarize the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the association of obesity and PCOS, the impact of obesity on the PCOS phenotype and on the association of PCOS with metabolic disorders and cardiovascular risk factors, and the new developments in the management of obese PCOS patients.
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PMID:Obesity and the polycystic ovary syndrome. 1791 53

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in women with polycystic ovary syndrome, as well as its characteristics and predictors. Seventh-three women, with body mass index of 30.4 +/- 7.8 kg/m2 and 25.0 +/- 6.0 years old, subdivided according to body mass index, were studied retrospectively. There was no significant mean age difference among body mass index groups (p = 0.228). Prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 38.4%, with a null prevalence for normal (n = 18), 23.8% for overweight (n = 17), 62.9% for obese (n = 28), and 85.5% for morbidly obese women (n = 7). Women with metabolic syndrome were older than women without metabolic syndrome (27.3 +/- 5.3 vs. 24.2 +/- 4.6 vs. years old; p = 0.031) and presented a higher body mass index (36.3 +/- 7.7 vs. 26.9 +/- 5.4; p < 0.001). There was no difference for degree of hirsutism and menstrual patterns between women with and without metabolic syndrome (p = 0.593 and p = 0.119, respectively). Regarding laboratory parameters, DHEAS was lower (1,646 +/- 1,007 vs. 2,594 +/- 1,563; p = 0.007) and HOMA-IR were higher (9.9 +/- 9.7 vs. 4.6 +/- 4.7; p = 0.004) in women with metabolic syndrome (p = 0.031 and p < 0.001, respectively). The best predictors of metabolic syndrome were waist circumference > 88 cm, HDL-cholesterol < 50 mg/dL and triglycerides >or= 150 mg/dL.
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PMID:Metabolic syndrome in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: prevalence, characteristics and predictors. 1793 65


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