Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0948265 (metabolic syndrome)
 24,271 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

There is increasing evidence that androgen therapy in men may be effectively applied in several conditions to improve well being and health. Classical indications for androgen therapy in males are represented by primary or secondary hypogonadism, delayed puberty, aplastic anemia and that secondary to chronic renal failure, protein wasting diseases such as trauma, burns, tumors and infectious diseases. Androgen innovating applications in men are represented by aging and visceral obesity associated with the metabolic syndrome. In addition, it is clear that appropriate testosterone treatment can be adequately used in male contraception, provided spermatogenesis is abolished and tolerability is adequate. Due to unphysiological hormone levels achieved by currently available testosterone preparations, new delivery systems have been produced to achieve more physiological and sustained hormone levels and improve tolerability and action at the levels of target tissues. Some of them are now available in several countries and new formulas are under development.
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PMID:Testosterone therapy in men: clinical and pharmacological perspectives. 1080 80

The metabolic syndrome in association with obesity is a major clinical problem inducing hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and atherosclerosis. Leptin induces angiogenesis by its proliferative effects on endothelial cells (ECs) via OB receptor (OB-Rb) gene. We evaluated the growth of ECs and intracellular signalings in response to leptin in vitro and the angiogenic effects of leptin in the cornea in vivo with and without adenovirus-mediated transfer of the OB-Rb gene in Zucker fatty (ZF) rats as a model for the metabolic syndrome. Recombinant adenovirus vector encoding rat OB-Rb (Ad.OB-Rb) or Escherichia coli. LacZ (Ad.LacZ) was transfected into cultured ECs from Zucker lean (ZL) rats and ZF rats. Leptin increased DNA synthesis dose-dependently in ECs from ZL rats but not ZF rats. Infection with Ad.OB-Rb, but not with Ad.LacZ, improved the growth effects of leptin in ECs from ZF rats. Leptin induced phosphorylation of Janus kinase (JAK)2, signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)3, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in ECs from ZL rats but not ZF rats. Infection with Ad.OB-Rb restored phosphorylation of JAK2 and STAT3 in ECs from ZF rats. Leptin induced angiogenesis in cornea from ZL rats, but not from ZF rats. Coadministration of leptin and Ad.OB-Rb induced angiogenesis in cornea from ZF rats. Ad.LacZ did not influence the angiogenic effects of leptin. The impaired endothelial function with the leptin resistance may be one of causes of the atherosclerosis in the metabolic syndrome.
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PMID:Effects of leptin on endothelial function with OB-Rb gene transfer in Zucker fatty rats. 1292 73

Prevention of disease rather than its alleviation or cure has always been the aim of healthcare professionals. While this goal has been achieved for many infectious diseases through improvements in hygiene and vaccination, as well as for acute deficiency diseases such as scurvy, less progress has been made with chronic diseases. These are increasing as the population ages. Chief among the chronic diseases on the increase are: Type 2 diabetes. Hypertension and cardiovascular disease, which are responsible for over 40 per cent of all deaths in the UK (DoH 1999). Obesity, which is a major cause of morbidity and predisposes to diabetes, cardiovascular disease and other chronic illnesses. Cancer. This article describes the nature, aetiology and prevention of the metabolic syndrome. Although not a disease, the metabolic syndrome is like smoking in that it strongly predisposes to disease and is preventable.
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PMID:The metabolic syndrome. 1295 75

The metabolic effects of obesity have made this highly prevalent disease one of the most common risk factors for diabetes, hypertension, and atherosclerosis, the leading causes of end-stage renal failure. However, obesity per se, as defined by body mass index, is less predictive of the development of these diseases than is the presence of a constellation of obesity-related abnormalities now known as the metabolic syndrome. Recognition of this syndrome, which can readily be identified in clinical settings using defined threshold values for waist circumference, BP, fasting glucose, and dyslipidemia, allows for earlier intervention in these high-risk patients. Systemic insulin resistance has been implicated as one possible factor that links visceral obesity to adverse metabolic consequences; however, the mechanism whereby adipose tissue causes alterations in insulin sensitivity remains unclear. Infection and inflammation are commonly associated with insulin resistance, and visceral obesity is associated with a chronic, low-grade inflammatory state, suggesting that inflammation may be a potential mechanism whereby obesity leads to insulin resistance. Moreover, adipose tissue is now recognized as an immune organ that secretes numerous immunomodulatory factors and seems to be a significant source of inflammatory signals known to cause insulin resistance. Therefore, inflammation within white adipose tissue may be a crucial step contributing to the emergence of many of the pathologic features that characterize the metabolic syndrome and result in diabetes and atherosclerosis. This review describes the role of proinflammatory cytokines and hormones released by adipose tissue in generating the chronic inflammatory profile associated with visceral obesity.
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PMID:The inflammatory syndrome: the role of adipose tissue cytokines in metabolic disorders linked to obesity. 1550 32

Individuals with psychiatric disorders tend to have excessive morbidity. They typically have high rates of respiratory illnesses, infectious diseases, substance abuse (including smoking), obesity, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Persons with schizophrenia and affective disorders also have a high prevalence of risk factors for CVD, such as diabetes and obesity, which are on the order of 1.5 to 2.0 times higher than in the general population; this translates into increased mortality rates due to CVD. The use of certain psychotropics results in metabolic sequelae, such as obesity, dyslipidemia, glucose dysregulation, and the metabolic syndrome. These sequelae exacerbate the already elevated risk of CVD and diabetes in this group of people. Therefore, the use of psychotropic agents that result in, for example, excessive weight gain not only add another complication for physicians managing a patient with schizophrenia but also may have serious prognostic and cost implications with respect to treatment-related diabetes and coronary disease incidence. The recent American Diabetes Association (ADA) Consensus Panel concluded that some agents are associated with greater diabetes risk than others. The current review describes the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in people with affective disorders and schizophrenic populations, its prognostic relevance, and its exacerbation among patients treated with particular psychotropic agents, including certain atypical antipsychotics, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and mood stabilizers. The costs associated with the treatment of the metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and coronary heart disease in populations with schizophrenia are also described.
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PMID:Metabolic issues and cardiovascular disease in patients with psychiatric disorders. 1590 91

Despite meaningful progress in the identification of risk factors and the development of highly effective clinical tools, deaths from cardiovascular disease continue to increase worldwide. Sparked by an obesity epidemic, the metabolic syndrome and the rising incidence of type 2 diabetes have led to an upsurge of cardiovascular risk. Although pharmacologic treatments with the statin class of drugs have reduced cholesterol levels and lowered mortality rates, several large controlled clinical trials, including the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study, the Cholesterol and Recurrent Events trial, the Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention studies, and Long-term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischemic Disease study, have indicated that cardiovascular events continue to occur in two thirds of all patients. Follow-up studies, such as the Heart Protection Study and the Pravastatin or Atorvastatin Evaluation and Infection Therapy/Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction-22 trials, reinforced these earlier results. Although therapy with gemfibrozil, a fibric acid derivative, showed reduced occurrence of cardiovascular events in the Helsinki Heart Study and the Veterans Affairs HDL Intervention Trial, results of other studies, e.g., the Bezafibrate Intervention Program and the Diabetes Atherosclerosis Intervention study, showed less encouraging results. Although lifestyle modifications, such as improved diet and increased exercise levels, benefit general health and the metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance in particular, most people continue to resist changes in their daily routines. Thus, physicians must continue to educate their patients regarding an optimal balance of drug therapy and personal behavior.
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PMID:The forgotten majority: unfinished business in cardiovascular risk reduction. 1619 35

As the primary prevention of disease has been emphasized, there may be a growing need for well-conditioned development and spread of OTC test equipment, OTC test reagent and remote healthcare. Some typical examples of "simple and rapid examination items, which can be done at home by established technology" are explained in this paper and may be required in the near future by the whole Japanese population with a view to the current status of OTC test and the coming relaxation of governmental regulation. The reasons why these examination items should be commercialized as Switch OTC and the epidemiological background are further discussed. In relation to metabolic syndrome derived from super spreader-like visceral mature adipocyte: SSVMAC, visceral fat rate measurement by bioelectrical impedance technology, postprandial blood glucose determination/urinary glucose determination, and urinary microalbumin detection, are explained with an example, together with the importance of early morning blood pressure recording. In the field of cancer and infectious diseases, immunological fecal occult blood determination as a marker of distal colorectal cancer, in which both higher survival rate and recovery rate by early detection have been established, Helicobacter pylori IgG antibodies or antigen examination including an examination of gastroduodenal disorder, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and genital chlamydia are emphasized.
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PMID:[Future outlook for OTC examination (test)]. 1644 86

The Mediterranean Diet has been associated with greater longevity and quality of life in epidemiological studies, the majority being observational. The application of evidence-based medicine to the area of public health nutrition involves the necessity of developing clinical trials and systematic reviews to develop sound recommendations. The purpose of this study was to analyze and review the experimental studies on Mediterranean diet and disease prevention. A systematic review was made and a total of 43 articles corresponding to 35 different experimental studies were selected. Results were analyzed for the effects of the Mediterranean diet on lipoproteins, endothelial resistance, diabetes and antioxidative capacity, cardiovascular diseases, arthritis, cancer, body composition, and psychological function. The Mediterranean diet showed favorable effects on lipoprotein levels, endothelium vasodilatation, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, antioxidant capacity, myocardial and cardiovascular mortality, and cancer incidence in obese patients and in those with previous myocardial infarction. Results disclose the mechanisms of the Mediterranean diet in disease prevention, particularly in cardiovascular disease secondary prevention, but also emphasize the need to undertake experimental research and systematic reviews in the areas of primary prevention of cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, infectious diseases, age-related cognitive impairment, and cancer, among others. Interventions should use food scores or patterns to ascertain adherence to the Mediterranean diet. Further experimental research is needed to corroborate the benefits of the Mediterranean diet and the underlying mechanisms, and in this sense the methodology of the ongoing PREDIMED study is explained.
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PMID:Scientific evidence of interventions using the Mediterranean diet: a systematic review. 1653 97

Guidelines from the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) focus the need for the most intensive efforts to lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in the patients at greatest risk of a major future clinical coronary heart disease event. Major clinical trials, such as Pravastatin or Atorvastatin Evaluation and Infection Therapy and the Heart Protection Study, demonstrated the value of lowering LDL-C levels in high-risk patients to well below the ATP III target of <100 mg/dL. In 2004, the NCEP writing group suggested that a more aggressive LDL-C goal of <70 mg/dL is an option when treating high-risk patients, particularly those with the presence of established cardiovascular disease plus major multiple risk factors (especially diabetes), severe and poorly controlled risk factors (ie, cigarette smoking), multiple criteria of the metabolic syndrome, or an acute coronary syndrome. With stricter targets, high-risk patients are less likely to achieve their cholesterol goals than lower risk patients. Recent large trials comparing rosuvastatin with other statin monotherapies have shown a greater LDL-C reduction and better attainment of goals with rosuvastatin. In addition, the MERCURY [Measuring Effective Reductions in Cholesterol Using Rosuvastatin Therapy] trials demonstrate that switching to rosuvastatin significantly increased the percentage of patients who achieved their ATP III LDL-C targets.
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PMID:Rising to the challenge of treating high-risk patients. 1704 74

A lot of oral diseases, including marginal periodontitis, are infectious diseases that caused by the oral biofilm-forming bacteria for example dental biofilm (dental plaque). The oral biofilm is paid to attention as a risk factor of the systemic disease such as metabolic syndrome, osteoporosis, aspiration pneumonia, diabetics, and the infective endocarditises. It had been shown that 500 bacterial species inhabited with symbiosis and antagonization within the oral biofilm and communication among bacteria is essential for initial colonization and subsequent biofilm formation on human teeth and oral mucosa. The feature and the realities of the biofilm to cause the bone absorption were outlined in this manuscript and speculated how the biofilm-forming bacteria approach to the alveolar bone, although it was difficult to clarify the whole contents of human oral biofilm that presented a various aspect.
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PMID:[Oral Biofilms and bone resorption]. 1727 74


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