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Query: UMLS:C0920652 (skin irritant)
 188 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The effect on the skin of menstrual pads containing sodium bicarbonate as a fragrance substitute and of sodium bicarbonate alone was studied in 50 healthy women. Skin changes were monitored by transepidermal water loss, capacitance, laser Doppler flowmetry, skin surface pH and visual scoring. No clinical signs developed after the volunteers had been patched with the menstrual pads for 24 hours. No subclinical vulvar skin irritant reactions were observed with bioengineering methods. The menstrual pads containing sodium bicarbonate as a deodorant did not significantly affect the vulva in short-term use.
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PMID:Evaluation of vulvar irritancy potential of a menstrual pad containing sodium bicarbonate in short-term application. 165 21

On July 14, 1991, a train tanker car derailed in northern California, spilling 19,000 gallons of the soil fumigant metam sodium (sodium methyldithiocarbamate) into the Sacramento River north of Redding (Figure 1). The major breakdown product of metam sodium, methylisothiocyanate (MITC), is a known skin irritant at high concentrations (greater than 1%). By July 21, the concentration of MITC in the river, at multiple test sites, measured 20-40 parts per billion (0.01%). On August 6, Shasta County health officials notified the California Department of Health Services (CDHS) of an outbreak of dermatitis among Shasta County jail inmates and crew leaders who had assisted in removing dead fish from the river on July 21-22 in greater than 100 F (greater than 38 C) ambient temperature.
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PMID:Dermatitis among workers cleaning the Sacramento River after a chemical spill--California, 1991. 183 16

The effect of erythemogenic UVB irradiation and minimal erythemogenic concentration of sodium lauryl sulphate(SLS) 4% aqueous (a skin irritant) irritation, on skin water vapour loss (SVL) of 12 male Chinese volunteers was studied. The mean SVL rate of unirradiated/unirritated skin was 4.5(+/- 2.0) g water/m2/h. The mean rate for UVB irradiated skin was 6.2(+/- 3.9) g water/m2/h and the rate for SLS irritated skin was 38.5(+/ 22.3) g water/m2/h (p = 0.0003). The irritation index (defined as SVL rate of irradiated or irritated minus that of unirradiated/unirritated skin divided by SVL rate of unirradiated/unirritated skin) was significantly lower on UVB irradiated skin (0.4 +/- 0.5) than SLS irritated skin (8.1 +/- 4.2) (p = 0.0001). It appears that UVB irradiation has significant less effect on the skin barrier compared with SLS irritation. It appears that SVL measurement may be used to differentiate UVB induced erythema from irritant induced erythema.
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PMID:A comparison of the effect of UVB and sodium lauryl sulphate on skin water vapour loss. 322 37

Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is associated with phorbol ester-induced skin irritation and tumour promotion, but the mechanism of action is not fully understood and the role of keratinocyte-derived PGE2 is unclear. PGE2 was recently reported to modulate keratinocyte differentiation and phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA), the most extensively studied phorbol ester tumour promoter in mouse skin, was shown to stimulate PGE2 release in human keratinocytes. Preliminary data on PGE2 release induced by PMA, mezerein, anthralin, sodium dodecyl sulphate and acetic acid in human keratinocyte cultures is compared to their response in rat keratinocytes. Our data confirms a previously published report on stimulation of PGE2 release by PMA in human keratinocytes and also demonstrates a difference in the magnitude of the PMA- and mezerein-induced response between human and rat keratinocyte cultures at non-cytotoxic concentrations. Cytotoxicity was evaluated by the Neutral Red uptake assay and a concentration that reduced cell viability to 50% of control was selected as a maximum concentration for subsequent measurement of PGE2 release. In contrast, anthralin, sodium dodecyl sulphate and acetic acid induced a similar degree of PGE2 release in human and rat keratinocyte cultures, but release was specifically associated with a cytotoxic response. Non-cytotoxic concentrations of these three chemicals did not stimulate release of PGE2. This study illustrates that PGE2 dose-response curves may reflect different mechanisms of action that may be intimately associated with skin irritant and tumour promoting activity. The data indicates a possible species difference in keratinocyte response to PMA and mezerein. The important value of keratinocyte cultures for mechanistic studies of tumour promotion and skin irritation is highlighted and further research is warranted into the potential role of intracellular pathways, which modulate keratinocyte differentiation and proliferation, in these processes.
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PMID:Comparison of tumour promoter-induced prostaglandin E2 release in human and rat keratinocytes. 776 93

An outbreak of dermatitis occurred among county jail inmates who removed dead fish from the Sacramento River in California after a spill of metam sodium. The spilled chemical decomposes to methylisothiocyanate (MITC), a known skin irritant. A retrospective cohort study was conducted among the inmates and their crew leaders. Among 42 jail group members, 27 had dermatitis involving the feet and ankles; dermatitis was associated with lower extremity water contact (RR = 3.4, 95% CI 1.0-11.8); the attack rate increased with length of time spent in the water. For comparison, other state and federal employees who worked in the river at the same time were also interviewed. None reported dermatitis. Over three-quarters (24/31) of these other clean-up workers whose feet became wet changed to dry clothing immediately; none of the jail group changed immediately. The river concentration of MITC measured 20-40 ppb at the time of exposure. We speculate that prolonged wetness, occlusive boots, friction, and heat contributed to chemical irritation at this low concentration; the experience of the other clean-up workers suggests that this outbreak could have been prevented.
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PMID:Irritant dermatitis among workers cleaning up a pesticide spill: California 1991. 779 24

Following skin sensitization epidermal Langerhans' cells (LC), many of which bear antigen, are stimulated to migrate from the skin and traffic via afferent lymphatics to lymph nodes draining the site of exposure. It has been proposed previously that tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), a keratinocyte-derived epidermal cytokine (the expression of which is augmented following cutaneous sensitization), provides one signal for LC migration. In the experiments described here the influence of systemically administered neutralizing anti-TNF-alpha antibody on dendritic cell (DC) accumulation in draining lymph nodes has been investigated. Treatment with anti-TNF-alpha inhibited markedly the frequency of DC in draining nodes measured 18 hr following exposure to the skin allergens oxazolone and fluorescein isothiocyanate or to the non-sensitizing skin irritant sodium lauryl sulphate. Similar treatment with anti-TNF-alpha 2 hr prior to primary exposure to oxazolone impaired significantly the efficiency of skin sensitization measured 5 days later as a function of challenge-induced increases in ear thickness. The same antibody administered 18 hr following initial exposure to oxazolone was without effect on skin sensitization. These data confirm the importance of TNF-alpha for the migration of LC from the skin to draining lymph nodes and demonstrate that this cytokine is required for optimal contact sensitization.
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PMID:Tumour necrosis factor-alpha is required for accumulation of dendritic cells in draining lymph nodes and for optimal contact sensitization. 789 Mar 3

The local lymph node assay (LLNA) is a method used for the prospective identification in mice of chemicals that have the potential to cause skin sensitization. We report here the results of the second and final phase of an international trial in which the performance of the assay has been evaluated using seven test materials in five independent laboratories. The additional chemicals examined here included compounds which are considered less potent allergens than some of those tested in the first phase of the investigation, and includes hexylcinnamic aldehyde (HCA), a chemical recommended by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) as a positive control for skin sensitization studies. In each laboratory all skin sensitizing chemicals examined (2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene {DNCB}, HCA, oxazolone, isoeugenal and eugenol) elicited positive responses of comparable magnitude as judged by the derived lowest concentration of test chemical required to elicit a 3-fold or greater increase in the proliferative activity of draining lymph node cells compared with vehicle-treated controls. We observed that sodium lauryl sulphate, considered to be a non-sensitizing skin irritant, also induced a positive response in the assay. Para-aminobenzoic acid (pABA), a nonsensitizing chemical, was negative at all test concentrations in each laboratory. Some laboratories incorporated minor modifications into the standard assay procedure, including the evaluation of lymph nodes pooled from individual mice rather than treatment groups and the use of statistical analyses. The use of statistics did not markedly change the determination of the lowest concentration yielding a positive response. These data confirm that the local lymph node assay is robust and yields equivalent results when performed independently.
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PMID:Further evaluation of the local lymph node assay in the final phase of an international collaborative trial. 864 12

This study investigates the extent to which sunscreens protect humans from ultraviolet (UV)-radiation-induced immunosuppression. In the presence of solar-simulated UV, three sunscreens with differing UVA transmission were assessed for their ability to protect the contact hypersensitivity (CHS) response to nickel of 16 nickel-allergic subjects. The sunscreens contained 2-ethylhexyl para-methoxycinnamate (cinnamate), cinnamate with oxybenzone, or cinnamate with zinc oxide, respectively. All had sun protection factors of 10 and hence inhibited UV erythema to similar extents. Volunteers were irradiated on their backs with suberythemal UV daily for 5 d after application of the sunscreens and their base lotion to different sites. Nickel-containing patches were then applied to both UV-treated sites and adjacent, unirradiated control sites. Erythema caused by nickel CHS at each site was quantitated 72 h later with a reflectance erythema meter. In comparison of the nickel reactions of irradiated and unirradiated skin, there was 35% mean immunosuppression in unprotected UV-treated skin. Significant immunosuppression also occurred at sites irradiated through the narrow-spectrum cinnamate-only sunscreen but was prevented by the two broad-spectrum sunscreens. To determine whether UV-induced suppression of the nickel response is specific for cell-mediated immunity or reflects suppression of nonspecific inflammation, a further 16 subjects were patch-tested with a skin irritant, sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), following a sunscreen and irradiation protocol identical to that of the nickel volunteers. UV had no significant effect on SLS responses. We conclude that nickel patch testing is a valid means of assessing UV-induced immunosuppression in humans and that even with suberythemal UV, immune protection was provided only by sunscreens filtering both UVA and UVB.
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PMID:Broad-spectrum sunscreens provide greater protection against ultraviolet-radiation-induced suppression of contact hypersensitivity to a recall antigen in humans. 924 99

While many endogenous and exogenous factors have been found to influence skin irritant reactivity, the role of skin roughness in irritation has not yet been studied. In this study we measured skin roughness by visiometry and performed irritation tests on the flexural side of the forearm with sodium hydroxide (NaOH), sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in two different concentrations in a population of 151 volunteers between 15 and 25 years of age. The results showed a significant negative correlation between most roughness parameters and DMSO irritation. The correlation between roughness parameters and irritation tests with SLS and NaOH was not significant. We conclude that smoother skin is more prone to DMSO irritation than rougher skin and that this may be due to differences in percutaneous penetration of the compound.
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PMID:Skin roughness is negatively correlated to irritation with DMSO, but not with NaOH and SLS. 929 86

Protein kinase C (PKC) comprises a family of related phospholipid-dependent serine/threonine protein kinases. PKC is important in signal transduction, regulating cell proliferation and differentiation. Recently, it has also been suggested that PKC may play a part in the pathogenesis of contact dermatitis. However, the expression of PKC isoforms in the skin of mice with irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) has not been examined. In this study, ICD was induced in mouse skin by applying 5%, 10% and 20% sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) in Finn chambers on the backs of mice and fixing with surgical dressings for 24 h. Depending upon the SDS concentration, mild to strong skin irritant reactions were observed 24 h after removal of the irritant patches. The intensity of the reactions increased with the increasing concentration of SDS. PKC isoforms alpha, beta, gamma and delta were all detected in normal mouse skin by Western immunoblotting. The specificity of the PKC isoforms detected was identified further by competitive Western immunoblotting. Compared with normal mouse skin treated with double-distilled water, the levels of PKC isoforms alpha, beta, gamma and delta in the SDS-irritated mouse skin was decreased by 24.8-75.8%. These results suggest that, in SDS-ICD, mouse skin PKC isoforms alpha, beta, gamma and delta are down-regulated. The significance of this decrease is under further investigation.
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PMID:Protein kinase C isoform levels in normal and sodium dodecyl sulphate-irritated mouse skin. 976 42


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