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Query: UMLS:C0920652 (skin irritant)
 188 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The local lymph node assay (LLNA) and the IgE test in the mouse are proposed models for predictive recognition of low molecular weight chemicals causing IgE-mediated allergic airway reactions in man. Since rats are commonly used in routine toxicity studies and a previous study (Arts et al. (1996) Food Chem. Toxicol. 34, 55-62) has shown that several rat strains were found appropriate for the LLNA, the suitability of the rat for the IgE test was examined in the present study. Serum IgE concentrations were examined following topical exposure of Brown Norway (BN) and Wistar rats to each of four chemicals with known diverse sensitization potential in humans: trimellitic anhydride (TMA), a dermal and respiratory sensitizer, dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB), a dermal sensitizer with no or limited potential to cause respiratory allergy; formaldehyde (FA), a skin irritant and dermal sensitizer with equivocal evidence for respiratory sensitizing potential; methyl salicylate (MS), a skin irritant devoid of sensitizing properties. Of the four tested chemicals, only exposure to TMA resulted in a significant increase in serum IgE concentration and this response was only evoked in the high-IgE-responding BN rat. The latter two chemicals were also tested for lymph node activation, in casu the ear-draining lymph nodes. FA caused a dose-dependent activation of the draining lymph nodes whereas MS was inactive. The results as obtained with TMA, DNCB and MS in the rat are in agreement with human data. The results with FA though, indicate the need for further studies of chemicals that have both irritant and sensitizing properties at about similar concentrations or may act through non-IgE-mediated immune mechanisms.
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PMID:Local lymph node activation and IgE responses in brown Norway and Wistar rats after dermal application of sensitizing and non-sensitizing chemicals. 905 2

Methyl Alcohol is an aliphatic alcohol with use in a few cosmetic formulations as a solvent and denaturant. Concentrations up to 5% are typically used to denature ethyl alcohol in cosmetic products. Methyl Alcohol is readily absorbed through the skin and from the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts, is distributed throughout all organs and tissues (in direct relation to the body's water distribution), and is eliminated primarily via the lungs. Undiluted Methyl Alcohol is an ocular and skin irritant. Inhalation studies showed a no-effect level for maternal damage of 10,000 ppm and for teratogenic effects of 5,000 ppm. Overall, Methyl Alcohol is not considered mutagenic. Carcinogenicity data were unavailable. The toxicity of Methyl Alcohol in humans results from the metabolism of the alcohol to formate and formic acid through a formaldehyde intermediate. Formate accumulation causes metabolic acidosis and inhibits cellular respiration. Methyl Alcohol toxicity is time and concentration dependent, and its toxic effect is competitively inhibited with ethyl alcohol. Because of the moderating effect of ethyl alcohol, it was concluded that Methyl Alcohol is safe as used to denature ethyl alcohol used in cosmetic products. No conclusion was reached regarding any other use of Methyl Alcohol.
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PMID:Final report on the safety assessment of Methyl Alcohol. 1135 11

Ethoxylated alcohols, widely used as surfactants, are known to be susceptible to oxidation when exposed to air. At autoxidation, a complex mixture is formed, in which alkyl poly(ethylene glycol) aldehydes, alkyl poly(ethylene glycol) formates, hydroxyaldehydes, and formaldehyde have previously been identified. These compounds are all secondary oxidation products, some of which have been shown to be skin sensitizers and irritants. The primary oxidation products from ethoxylated alcohols are described in the literature as peroxides and hydroperoxides, but their structures have not been elucidated more closely. Peroxides and hydroperoxides are usually reactive species and can be suspected to be biologically active as skin sensitizers and irritants. In the present investigation, we studied the autoxidation of the pure ethoxylated alcohol pentaethylene glycol mono-n-dodecyl ether (C(12)E(5)), using NMR and HPLC-MS. On the basis of experience from previous studies on a small model compound, diethyleneglycol monoethyl ether (C(2)E(2)), the hydroperoxide expected to be found in the highest amount in autoxidized C(12)E(5) was synthesized and used as a reference substance in the analyses. This same hydroperoxide, 16-hydroperoxy-3,6,9,12,15-pentaoxaheptacosan-1-ol, was identified in the autoxidation mixture of C(12)E(5), and its sensitizing capacity was determined. It was found to be a moderate allergen in experimental sensitization studies in guinea pigs. Our data further indicate the presence of at least three additional hydroperoxides in the autoxidation mixture of C(12)E(5), one of which was identified as 1-hydroperoxy-3,6,9,12,15-pentaoxaheptacosan-1-ol. The results accentuate the importance of controlling the storage, transportation, and handling conditions of ethoxylated surfactants, to avoid the formation of allergenic and skin irritant oxidation products.
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PMID:Structure elucidation, synthesis, and contact allergenic activity of a major hydroperoxide formed at autoxidation of the ethoxylated surfactant C12E5. 1275 86