Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0920652 (skin irritant)
 188 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Release of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in cultured peritoneal macrophages of NMRI mice by skin irritant tumor initiators and promoters was investigated. Initiators of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon type, e.g., DMBA, caused slight irritation on the mouse ear but even relatively high doses did not stimulate PGE2-release to any measurable extent within 4 h after administration in vitro. Apparently there is no correlation between irritation and initiating activity in mouse skin and PGE2-release in macrophages. On the other hand, promoters of the diterpene ester type, e.g., TPA, were strong irritants on the mouse ear. Even low doses of these compounds stimulated PGE2-release from macrophages dramatically within 1 h after administration in vitro. Moreover, a good correlation was established between irritant and promoting activity in mouse skin and PGE2-release in macrophages of a series of tigliane, ingenane and daphnane type diterpene derivatives. These results suggest that also in mouse skin PGE2-release may occur following exposure of the target cells to promoters of the diterpene ester type resembling one of the most early molecular events of promotion. This event could initiate both skin irritation and cell proliferation.
 ...
PMID:Inflammatory, tumor initiating and promoting activities of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and diterpene esters in mouse skin as compared with their prostaglandin releasing potency in vitro. 9 35

The more recent application of ethylene oxide as a gas sterilizing agent for medical supplies has introduced new problems for this old chemical. Not only is ethylene oxide a potent skin irritant but also delayed hypersensitivity and immediate hypersensitivity have been reported, In this article, chemical properties of this agent and sources of industrial exposure are discussed, and the literature regarding ethylene oxide dermatitis is reviewed.
 ...
PMID:Dermatologic hazards from ethylene oxide. 13 76

A heavy infestation of the tussock moth caterpillar (Orgyia pseudotsugata McDonnough) in forested areas of Oregon was associated with itching of the skin and eyes, nasal discharge, cough, and, at times, respiratory difficulty, Personal interviews and inspection of forty-one occupationally exposed persons were supplemented by a questionnaire administered to 428 individuals, composing three groups at various degrees of risk and a control group. There was a cause and effect relationship between the adverse symptoms and the exposure to tussock moth larvae. The specific etiologic agent was not identified, but it was felt that the secretion, hairs, or other substances in the larvae or cocoons of the moth acted as a potent allergenic substance and, for some persons, was also a primary skin irritant.
 ...
PMID:Health hazards to timber and forestry workers from the Douglas fir tussock moth. 14 15

The latex of (Euphorbia esula) has been found to contain highly skin irritant and inflammatory ingenol-3delta 2,4,6,8,10 pentene tetradecanoate and another factor, ingenol-3-dodecanoate, which is less irritating but which can be responsible for the cocarcinogenic activity exhibited by the latex preparation in the mice back skin experiment.
 ...
PMID:Cocarcinogenic and irritant factors of Euphorbia esula L. latex. 65 35

Oral LD50 (rat), primary skin irritation (rabbit), cutaneous sensitization (guinea pig) and eye irritation (rabbit) studies were conducted on the three tetramethylbenzene isomers: durene , isodurene and prehnitene. The order of oral toxicity was isodurene greater than prehnitene greater durene. Durene was not a skin irritant, while isodurene and prehnitene each produced a mild positive skin response (erythema). None of the tetramethylbenzenes were skin sensitizers or eye irritants. Durene, isodurene and prehnitene are only slightly toxic on an acute toxicologic basis and only pose an acute health hazard when injested in excessive quantities.
 ...
PMID:Acute toxicity of tetramethylbenzenes: durene, isodurene and prehnitene. 75 69

Palytoxin is a human and mouse skin irritant and complete mouse skin tumor promoter that differs from the well-studied phorbol ester class of tumor promoters in many respects. In this study, we have found palytoxin to stimulate the production of superoxide by isolated human neutrophils using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy with the spin-trap DMPO. This stimulation of oxyradical production by palytoxin is relatively weak, however, when compared to that by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). The maximal amount of oxyradicals produced by palytoxin-stimulated neutrophils is 10(-4) mumols/10(6) neutrophils, and this stimulation requires nanomolar concentrations of palytoxin, with half maximal stimulation at concentrations of approximately 30 nM. In contrast, the tumor promoter TPA causes human neutrophils to generate in excess of 10(-3) mumols oxyradicals/10(6) neutrophils with concentrations as low as 1 nM. Toxicity to cultured human epidermal cells was observed at very low concentrations of palytoxin, with 50% loss of colony-forming efficiency observed at approximately 3 x 10(-13) M. For TPA, 50% loss of colony-forming efficiency for cultured epidermal cells requires approximately 5 nM. Thus, although palytoxin stimulates superoxide production in isolated neutrophils, epidermal cells are sensitive at much lower concentrations and are likely to be the important target cell in vivo. This is in contrast to TPA, where neutrophils are stimulated at concentrations less than those required to produce pathological effects on epidermal cells, suggesting that neutrophils may be an important target cell for TPA in vivo.
 ...
PMID:Measurement of neutrophil activation and epidermal cell toxicity by palytoxin and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. 135 52

A series of 76 fiber finishes, typically composed of blends of lubricants, emulsifiers, antistatic agents and fatty acid soaps, were tested in rabbits to determine both the eye and the skin irritation potential. Each finish was classified as being either non-, slightly, mildly, moderately or severely irritating to the target tissue during a 48-h post-treatment period. Seven (9.2%) of the finishes tested were severely irritating to both the skin and the eye; two (2.6%) were determined to be non-irritating to both tissues. While occasionally finishes produced equal degrees of damage resulting in similar irritancy classifications, seven (9.2%) finishes were found to be severely irritating to the skin without producing any irritation in the eye. Conversely, one finish was found to be a severe eye irritant without producing any skin irritation. The suggested use of the skin irritation data to predict the ocular reaction needs to be carefully examined, particularly with materials such as these fiber finishes. The prediction that a severe skin irritant is also a severe eye irritant was demonstrated to be in error with 8 of 75 (10.5%) of the finishes studied. Further, there is little predictive association between the skin and eye irritation for these compounds.
 ...
PMID:Relationship between eye and skin irritation in rabbits using a series of textile fiber finishes. 143 Jul 79

A method is described for measuring rapid, specific, and saturable binding of the skin irritant and tumour-promoting secretagogue thapsigargin (sesquiterpene lactone) to the microsomal fraction from mouse brain. Employing the tritium-labelled compound its apparent dissociation constant, Kd, and the maximal amount of binding Bmax are shown to be 9.8 nM and 1.9 pmol/mg protein respectively. Such a Kd for thapsigargin is similar to (a) its IC50 value for inhibiting Ca2+ uptake in the microsomal fraction from rat brain and (b) its EC50 values for inducing a rise in the cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration of human platelets and histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells. A positive correlation is found between the binding affinities of thapsigargin, thapsitranstagin, and trilobolide, their potencies as secretagogues and their lipophilicities. This correlation does not extend to the skin-irritant activities of the compounds thus emphasizing that their mechanism of action is unlike that of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate.
 ...
PMID:Toxicodynamics of tumour promoters of mouse skin. III. Specific binding of the tumour promoter thapsigargin as measured by the cold-acetone filter assay. 153 61

The DNA content and the changes in cellular and nuclear size of isolated regenerating mouse epidermal basal cells were studied after topical application of the skin irritant cantharidin and the tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) to the back skin of hairless mice. The DNA and protein contents of isolated basal cells were stained with propidium iodide and fluorescein isothiocyanate, respectively, and analysed by flow cytometry using the total protein fluorescence as an estimate of cell size and the DNA fluorescence pulse width as an estimate of nuclear size. Transmission electron microscopy was used to identify cells sorted from regions in the bivariate DNA/protein distributions. The results showed that both chemicals induced an increase in cellular as well as nuclear size of the basal cells. The increase in size was higher in TPA treated than in cantharidin treated animals, and the bivariate DNA/protein distributions of TPA treated cells differed from those of cantharidin treated cells in that two subpopulations of cycling keratinocytes could be identified. These deviations are probably related to the higher proliferative response observed after TPA treatment and the possibility that proliferative subpopulations in epidermis respond differently to TPA. It may reflect mechanisms providing for a growth advantage of initiated cells, important in tumor promotion. About 8% of the cells in the suspensions from treated animals were non-cycling non-keratinocytes, probably infiltrating leukocytes. The results indicate a strong correlation between rapid regenerative cell cycle progression, i.e., reduced G1 transit time and increased cellular and nuclear size.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Multivariate flow cytometry of epidermal regeneration provoked by a skin irritant and a tumor promoter. 157 92

The effect on the skin of menstrual pads containing sodium bicarbonate as a fragrance substitute and of sodium bicarbonate alone was studied in 50 healthy women. Skin changes were monitored by transepidermal water loss, capacitance, laser Doppler flowmetry, skin surface pH and visual scoring. No clinical signs developed after the volunteers had been patched with the menstrual pads for 24 hours. No subclinical vulvar skin irritant reactions were observed with bioengineering methods. The menstrual pads containing sodium bicarbonate as a deodorant did not significantly affect the vulva in short-term use.
 ...
PMID:Evaluation of vulvar irritancy potential of a menstrual pad containing sodium bicarbonate in short-term application. 165 21


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>